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448 articles in this section
3D Gaussian Splatting
A scene representation and rendering technique that models a 3D scene as millions of coloured 3D Gaussians, enabling high-quality, real-time novel view synthesis.
A/B Testing (ML)
A/B testing in machine learning is a controlled experiment method that compares two or more model variants in production to determine which delivers superior performance on real-world business metrics.
Activation Function
A mathematical function applied to a neuron's output in a neural network that introduces non-linearity, enabling models to learn complex patterns beyond simple linear relationships.
Active Learning
Active learning is a machine learning paradigm in which the algorithm selectively queries a human annotator for labels on the most informative data points, minimising labelling effort while maximising model performance.
Adam Optimizer
Adam is an adaptive gradient-based optimization algorithm for training neural networks that combines momentum with per-parameter adaptive learning rates derived from estimates of the first and second moments of the gradients.
Adversarial Machine Learning
Adversarial machine learning is the study of attacks that exploit weaknesses in machine learning models, such as crafted inputs that cause misclassification, and of the defences designed to make models more robust.
Agent2Agent Protocol (A2A)
An open protocol that lets independent AI agents built on different frameworks discover one another, exchange messages, and delegate tasks over a standard interface.
Agentic AI
Agentic AI refers to artificial intelligence systems designed to pursue goals autonomously over extended time horizons by perceiving their environment, reasoning about actions, executing multi-step plans, and learning from outcomes without requiring continuous human instruction.
Agentic RAG
Agentic RAG is an approach to retrieval-augmented generation in which autonomous AI agents dynamically decide when, what, and how to retrieve information, applying planning, reflection, and tool use rather than following a fixed retrieve-then-generate pipeline.
AI Agents
Autonomous AI systems that perceive their environment, reason over goals, select and execute actions using external tools, and operate across multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention.
AI Alignment
AI alignment is the field of research dedicated to ensuring that artificial intelligence systems pursue goals, values, and behaviours that are consistent with human intentions.
AI and Copyright Law
The body of law and policy governing how copyrighted works may be used to train artificial intelligence systems, who owns rights in AI-generated outputs, and the liability of AI developers and users.
AI API
An AI API is a programmatic interface that allows software applications to send requests to and receive responses from artificial intelligence models, typically priced per token, forming the backbone of how AI capabilities are integrated into products and services.
AI Automation
AI automation combines artificial intelligence with robotic process automation and workflow orchestration to eliminate repetitive tasks, reduce errors, and free human workers for higher-value work.
AI Avatars
AI avatars (digital humans) are AI-generated virtual presenters that replicate a real person's appearance, voice, and gestures, or simulate fictional presenters, to deliver video content from text scripts.
AI Benchmarking
The systematic evaluation of AI systems using standardised datasets, tasks, and metrics to measure capability, compare models, and track progress across research and deployment contexts.
AI Bias
Systematic and unfair discrimination introduced into artificial intelligence systems through biased training data, flawed model design, or problematic deployment decisions, leading to unequal outcomes across demographic groups or categories.
AI Data Centres in Malaysia
AI data centres in Malaysia are large-scale computing facilities optimised for artificial intelligence training and inference, concentrated in Johor and the Klang Valley, that have made the country one of Southeast Asia's fastest-growing markets for AI infrastructure.
AI Data Centres Set to Consume Nearly One-Third of Malaysia's Electricity by 2035
A new report warns that AI data centres in Malaysia could consume nearly 30% of the nation's electricity by 2035, driving a boom in power infrastructure investment by companies like Vertiv.
AI Drug Discovery
AI drug discovery applies machine learning, deep learning, and generative modelling to accelerate the identification, design, and optimisation of therapeutic compounds across the pharmaceutical pipeline.
AI Ethics
AI ethics is the branch of applied ethics addressing the moral dimensions of designing, deploying, and governing artificial intelligence systems — covering fairness, accountability, transparency, privacy, and safety.
AI Guardrails
AI guardrails are runtime safety mechanisms that validate, filter, and enforce policies on large language model inputs and outputs in production systems, preventing harmful content, data leakage, prompt injection, and off-topic behaviour.
AI in Gaming
Artificial intelligence in video games refers to the computational systems that control non-player characters, generate dynamic game behavior, and simulate strategic decision-making, increasingly using generative AI for content creation.
AI in Islamic Finance Malaysia
AI in Islamic finance Malaysia refers to the application of artificial intelligence technologies — including machine learning, natural language processing, and generative AI — to Shariah-compliant financial products, institutions, and regulatory processes in Malaysia.
AI in Journalism
Artificial intelligence in journalism refers to the use of AI systems for newsgathering, news production, and audience engagement by news organizations, from automated writing to AI news anchors.
AI in Malaysia's Halal Industry
AI in Malaysia's halal industry refers to the use of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and related digital technologies to automate halal certification, verify Shariah compliance, and strengthen traceability across Malaysia's halal supply chains.
AI in Malaysian Agriculture
Artificial intelligence is transforming Malaysia's agricultural sector through precision farming, drone monitoring, yield prediction, and supply chain optimisation, with applications spanning palm oil, paddy, rubber, and aquaculture industries.
AI in Malaysian Banking
An overview of artificial intelligence adoption in Malaysian banks, covering fraud detection, customer service automation, credit decisioning, and the regulatory framework set by Bank Negara Malaysia.
AI in Malaysian Education
The adoption of artificial intelligence in Malaysia's education system spans school-level personalised learning, university AI programmes, educator upskilling, and government-led digital transformation initiatives under the MyDigital Blueprint.
AI in Malaysian Healthcare
The deployment of artificial intelligence across Malaysia's public and private healthcare systems for diagnostics, hospital operations, drug development, and population health, governed by Ministry of Health policy and PDPA requirements.
AI in Malaysian Legal Industry
AI in Malaysia's legal industry encompasses the adoption of machine learning, natural language processing, and generative AI tools by law firms, the judiciary, and legal service providers to automate research, drafting, and compliance tasks.
AI in Malaysian Logistics
AI in Malaysian logistics encompasses the application of artificial intelligence to freight forwarding, port operations, last-mile delivery, supply chain optimisation, and customs management across Malaysia's transport network.
AI in Malaysian Manufacturing
Artificial intelligence adoption in Malaysian manufacturing covers predictive maintenance, computer vision quality control, demand forecasting, and supply-chain optimisation across the electronics, automotive, and food sectors.
AI in Malaysian Retail
AI in Malaysian retail encompasses the deployment of machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing across Malaysia's retail sector, including e-commerce platforms, brick-and-mortar stores, and omnichannel retail operations.
AI in Malaysian Telecommunications
The application of artificial intelligence by Malaysian telecommunications operators to optimise network operations, improve customer experience, detect fraud, and enable enterprise 5G and AI services.
AI in Malaysian Tourism
The application of artificial intelligence across Malaysia's tourism sector, including personalised traveller experiences, AI-generated marketing content, smart tourism initiatives, and the role of Visit Malaysia 2026 and MDEC in driving digital adoption.
AI in the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
The application of artificial intelligence, computer vision, robotics, and predictive analytics to oil palm cultivation, harvesting, milling, and supply chain traceability in Malaysia.
AI in the Malaysian Public Sector
The adoption of artificial intelligence across Malaysian government agencies to improve public service delivery, administrative efficiency, and data-driven decision-making, coordinated through GovTech Malaysia and national AI governance bodies.
AI Jailbreaking
AI jailbreaking is the practice of crafting prompts or inputs designed to bypass the safety guardrails of large language models and other AI systems in order to elicit prohibited content or behaviour.
AI Literacy
AI literacy is the set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enable individuals to understand, evaluate, and use artificial intelligence tools effectively and responsibly in personal, professional, and civic contexts.
AI Malaysia Berhad
AI Malaysia Berhad is Malaysia's permanent national artificial intelligence entity, established in July 2026 under the Ministry of Digital to succeed the National AI Office (NAIO) and implement the country's AI agenda toward becoming an AI Nation by 2030.
AI Memory
AI memory refers to the mechanisms that allow artificial intelligence agents to retain, retrieve, and use information across interactions, extending capability beyond a single context window.
AI Music Generation
AI music generation is the use of machine learning models to compose, arrange, or produce music from text prompts or other inputs, spanning full songs with vocals, instrumental tracks, and sound design.
AI PC
A personal computer equipped with a dedicated Neural Processing Unit (NPU) designed to accelerate on-device artificial intelligence workloads locally, without requiring cloud connectivity, for tasks such as image generation, speech recognition, and language model inference.
AI Planning
AI planning is the discipline of automatically generating a sequence of actions that an intelligent agent can execute to move from an initial state to a goal, increasingly used inside LLM-based agents to decompose and reason about complex tasks.
AI Red Teaming
A structured adversarial evaluation practice in which testers attempt to elicit harmful, unsafe, or policy-violating behaviour from AI systems in order to surface risks before deployment.
AI Regulation in Malaysia
An overview of the Malaysian regulatory landscape governing artificial intelligence — covering PDPA, sectoral guidelines, national AI policy, and Malaysia's approach to the global AI governance debate.
AI Safety
AI safety is a field of research and practice concerned with the development of artificial intelligence systems that behave reliably, avoid harmful outputs, and remain aligned with human values, especially as systems become more capable.
AI Search Engines
AI search engines (answer engines) are web search systems that use large language models to generate direct, cited answers to user queries instead of ranked lists of links.
AI Singapore
AI Singapore (AISG) is a national programme launched in 2017 to build Singapore's artificial intelligence ecosystem through research, talent development, and industry adoption, hosted by the National University of Singapore.
AI Startups in Malaysia
AI startups in Malaysia are technology companies building artificial intelligence products and services across sectors such as drone analytics, insurtech, healthtech, and retail technology, supported by government agencies including MDEC and Cradle Fund.
AI Thailand
AI Thailand refers to Thailand's national strategy, government programmes, and regulatory framework for developing and deploying artificial intelligence, as articulated in the National AI Strategy and Action Plan covering 2022 to 2027.
AI Video Generation
AI video generation refers to the automated creation of video content from text prompts, images, or other inputs using generative neural networks, enabling synthetic video production without cameras or traditional animation.
AI Watermarking
AI watermarking refers to techniques for embedding detectable signals into AI-generated content to establish provenance, enable detection, and support content authenticity verification across images, audio, video, and text.
AI Weather Forecasting
AI weather forecasting is the application of machine learning models to predict atmospheric conditions, achieving accuracy comparable to or better than traditional numerical weather prediction at far lower computational cost.
AI21 Labs
An Israeli artificial intelligence company founded in 2017 that develops large language models, including the Jurassic and Jamba families, and enterprise agentic platforms such as Maestro.
Allen Institute for AI
The Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) is a Seattle-based nonprofit artificial intelligence research institute founded by Paul Allen in 2014, known for the fully open OLMo family of large language models.
AlphaFold
AlphaFold is an AI system developed by Google DeepMind that predicts the three-dimensional structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences, achieving accuracy comparable to experimental methods.
AlphaGo
A computer program developed by DeepMind that in 2016 became the first artificial intelligence system to defeat a professional human player at the board game Go.
Amazon Bedrock
Amazon Bedrock is a fully managed AWS service that provides enterprise-grade access to over 100 foundation models from leading AI providers through a unified API, enabling organisations to build, customise, and scale generative AI applications without managing infrastructure.
Amazon SageMaker
Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed cloud platform from AWS that provides an integrated environment for building, training, and deploying machine learning models at scale, incorporating tools for data preparation, model development, MLOps, and generative AI.
AMD
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is an American semiconductor company and the principal challenger to NVIDIA in AI accelerators, maker of the Instinct data centre GPU line and the ROCm software stack.
AMD ROCm
ROCm (Radeon Open Compute) is AMD's open-source software stack for GPU programming and heterogeneous computing, providing the HIP programming model, compilers, and libraries needed to run AI and HPC workloads on AMD GPUs.
Anomaly Detection
A class of machine learning techniques that identifies rare events, observations, or patterns that differ significantly from the majority of data, used for fraud, intrusion, and fault detection.
Anthropic
Anthropic is an American AI safety company and large language model developer founded in 2021 by former OpenAI researchers, best known for developing the Claude family of AI assistants and the Constitutional AI alignment technique.
Anthropic Discusses Custom AI Chip Collaboration with Samsung
Anthropic is in talks with Samsung to develop a custom AI chip, following OpenAI's recent partnership with Broadcom, as AI labs race to secure dedicated hardware supply chains.
Apple Intelligence
Apple Intelligence is Apple's integrated AI system for iPhone, iPad, and Mac, combining on-device models with private cloud compute to deliver writing tools, Siri enhancements, image generation, and notification summaries.
Arize AI
Arize AI is an American ML observability and LLM evaluation platform that helps teams monitor, debug, and improve artificial intelligence models in production, offering both open-source and enterprise-grade tooling.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Artificial general intelligence is a hypothetical form of AI that can understand, learn, and apply knowledge across the full range of tasks a human can perform, rather than being limited to narrow domains.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems, encompassing learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding.
Artificial Intelligence in the Malaysian Oil and Gas Industry
The application of artificial intelligence across Malaysia's oil and gas sector, spanning exploration, production, maintenance and safety, led primarily by Petronas and its technology partners.
Artificial Intelligence in Vietnam
An overview of artificial intelligence development in Vietnam, including its national AI strategy, sovereign AI infrastructure led by FPT and Viettel, and the country's ambition to rank among Southeast Asia's leading AI nations.
ASEAN AI Governance
ASEAN AI governance refers to the regional frameworks, guidelines, and policy initiatives adopted by Southeast Asian nations to promote responsible, trustworthy, and interoperable artificial intelligence development and deployment.
Attention Mechanism
A neural network technique that enables models to dynamically weight the relevance of different parts of an input sequence when producing each output element, forming the core of transformer architectures.
Autoencoder
An autoencoder is a type of artificial neural network trained to reconstruct its input through a compressed internal representation, used for dimensionality reduction, feature learning, and anomaly detection.
AutoGen
AutoGen is an open-source multi-agent conversation framework developed by Microsoft Research that enables developers to build LLM applications where multiple AI agents communicate with each other to accomplish complex tasks collaboratively.
AutoML
AutoML (Automated Machine Learning) is the process of automating the selection, composition, and tuning of machine learning algorithms and pipelines, enabling practitioners to build effective models with reduced manual effort.
Autonomous Agents
Autonomous AI agents are software systems that use large language models as a reasoning core, enabling them to plan multi-step tasks, use external tools, maintain memory, and take actions to achieve goals with minimal human intervention.
Autonomous Vehicle
An autonomous vehicle is a vehicle that uses sensors and artificial intelligence to partially or entirely replace the human driver in navigating from origin to destination, classified by the SAE into six levels of driving automation.
AWS Trainium and Inferentia
AWS Trainium and Inferentia are families of custom AI accelerator chips designed by Amazon Web Services for training and running machine learning models at lower cost than general-purpose GPUs.
Azure AI
Azure AI is Microsoft's integrated portfolio of artificial intelligence services hosted on the Azure cloud platform, encompassing pre-built cognitive APIs, a managed machine learning platform, large language model access, and enterprise AI development tools.
Backpropagation
Backpropagation is the primary algorithm for training neural networks, computing gradients of a loss function with respect to each weight by applying the chain rule of calculus in reverse through the network layers.
Batch Normalisation
Batch normalisation is a deep learning technique that normalises the activations of each layer within a mini-batch to accelerate training and improve model stability.
Bayesian Inference
Bayesian inference is a statistical method that uses Bayes' theorem to update the probability of a hypothesis as new evidence becomes available, providing a principled framework for reasoning under uncertainty.
Beam Search
Beam search is a heuristic search algorithm used in sequence generation that keeps a fixed number of the most promising partial sequences at each step, balancing output quality against computational cost.
BERT
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a pre-trained transformer-based language model developed by Google that reads text bidirectionally to understand word context in natural language tasks.
BM25
BM25 (Best Matching 25) is a probabilistic ranking function used in information retrieval that scores documents based on query term frequency, inverse document frequency, and document length normalisation.
BNM AI Guidelines
Bank Negara Malaysia's AI guidelines provide a regulatory framework governing the responsible adoption of artificial intelligence in Malaysia's financial sector, covering risk management, governance, and accountability requirements for licensed institutions.
Bolt.new
Bolt.new is StackBlitz's browser-based AI application builder that generates full-stack web applications from natural language prompts, running entirely in the browser via WebContainers.
ByteDance
ByteDance is a Chinese technology company and one of the world's largest AI research organisations, known for TikTok, Doubao LLM, Seedance video generation, and significant investments in AGI research.
Canary Deployment
Canary deployment is a progressive model release strategy in which a new version is exposed to a small subset of production traffic, allowing teams to validate performance and catch failures before a full rollout.
Canva AI
Canva AI is the collective name for the artificial intelligence features of the Australian design platform Canva, centred on the Magic Studio suite introduced in October 2023.
Causal AI
Causal AI is an approach to artificial intelligence that incorporates causal reasoning into machine learning models, enabling them to go beyond correlation-based prediction to answer questions about interventions and counterfactual outcomes.
Cerebras Systems
An American AI hardware company that builds wafer-scale processors, using an entire silicon wafer as a single chip to accelerate deep learning training and to deliver very high-speed large language model inference.
Chain-of-Thought Prompting
A prompt engineering technique that improves large language model reasoning on complex tasks by instructing the model to generate explicit intermediate reasoning steps before arriving at a final answer.
Character.AI
Character.AI is an AI chatbot platform that lets users create, customise, and converse with AI characters, founded in 2021 by former Google engineers Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas and merged with Google DeepMind in 2025.
Chatbot
A chatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation through text or voice, ranging from simple rule-based systems to sophisticated AI assistants powered by large language models.
ChatGLM
A family of open-source bilingual (Chinese-English) large language models developed by Zhipu AI and Tsinghua University, known for strong reasoning capabilities, large context windows, and enterprise-grade open-weight releases under MIT licensing.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT is OpenAI's conversational AI assistant, launched in November 2022, that introduced large language model chatbots to hundreds of millions of users worldwide.
China AI Regulation
China AI regulation is the body of laws, administrative measures, and standards through which the People's Republic of China governs the development and deployment of artificial intelligence, including the world's first dedicated national rules for generative AI services.
Chroma
An open-source vector database designed for embedding-based applications, optimised for developer ergonomics and increasingly for large-scale serverless retrieval through a 2025 Rust-core rewrite.
Claude (Language Model)
A family of large language models developed by Anthropic, designed with a focus on safety, helpfulness, and Constitutional AI training methods for enterprise and consumer use.
Claude Code
Claude Code is Anthropic's agentic coding tool that operates inside a developer's terminal, capable of reading and editing code, running commands, and completing multi-step software engineering tasks using Claude language models.
Claude Fable 5
Anthropic announces the return of Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5 after weeks of negotiations with the Trump administration, with new pre-release government access and rapid jailbreak reporting protocols.
CLIP
CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a multimodal neural network model developed by OpenAI that learns visual concepts from natural language descriptions by jointly training an image encoder and a text encoder on 400 million image-text pairs.
Cloudflare Sets September 15 Deadline for AI Companies to Separate Crawlers
Cloudflare announces new policy giving AI companies until September 15, 2026 to separate web crawlers used for search from those used for AI training and agents, or risk being blocked by default on publisher sites.
Code Generation
AI code generation is the use of large language models to automatically produce, complete, or transform source code from natural language descriptions, enabling assisted and autonomous software development.
Cohere
Cohere is a Canadian AI company specialising in enterprise large language models, offering Command, Embed, and Rerank model families alongside secure deployment infrastructure designed for regulated industries.
Comet ML
Comet ML is a cloud-based MLOps platform for tracking machine learning experiments, managing model versions, monitoring production models, and evaluating large language model applications.
ComfyUI
An open-source, node-based interface for AI image and video generation using diffusion models, widely used by creators to build and share reproducible workflows.
Computer Vision
Computer vision is the field of artificial intelligence that enables machines to interpret and act upon visual information from the world — including images, video, and depth data.
Concept Drift
The phenomenon in which the statistical relationship a machine learning model learned between inputs and outputs changes over time, degrading the model's accuracy in production.
Confusion Matrix
A confusion matrix is a table that summarises the performance of a classification model by comparing predicted labels against true labels, forming the basis for metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score.
Constitutional AI
Constitutional AI is an alignment method developed by Anthropic that trains language models to follow a set of written ethical principles by using the model itself to critique and revise its own outputs, reducing dependence on human feedback for harmlessness.
Context Window
The maximum number of tokens — including the prompt, prior conversation, retrieved documents, and the model's own output — that a large language model can process in a single forward pass.
Continual Learning
Continual learning is a machine learning paradigm in which models incrementally acquire knowledge from sequential tasks or data streams without forgetting previously learned information, addressing the stability-plasticity trade-off inherent in neural networks.
Contrastive Learning
Contrastive learning is a self-supervised machine learning paradigm that trains models to produce similar representations for related data pairs and dissimilar representations for unrelated pairs, enabling powerful feature learning without labelled data.
ControlNet
ControlNet is a neural network architecture that adds spatial conditioning to text-to-image diffusion models, letting users guide image generation with inputs such as edge maps, human poses, and depth maps.
Convolutional Neural Network
A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of deep neural network that uses convolutional layers to automatically learn spatial hierarchies of features from grid-structured data, most commonly images.
Core ML
Core ML is Apple's on-device machine learning framework that enables iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS applications to integrate pre-trained models for tasks including image classification, natural language processing, and sound analysis.
Cosine Similarity
Cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non-zero vectors equal to the cosine of the angle between them, widely used to compare embeddings in search and machine learning.
CrewAI
CrewAI is an open-source Python framework for orchestrating multiple AI agents in role-based collaborative workflows, enabling teams of specialised agents to tackle complex tasks through structured coordination and communication.
Cross-Entropy Loss
Cross-entropy loss is the standard objective function for training classification models, measuring the divergence between a predicted probability distribution and the true distribution of labels.
CUDA
NVIDIA's parallel computing platform and programming model that lets developers use GPUs for general-purpose computation, underpinning most modern deep learning frameworks.
Cursor (Code Editor)
An AI-powered code editor and coding agent developed by Anysphere that lets developers write, edit and refactor software using natural-language instructions, built on a fork of Visual Studio Code.
Cyberjaya
A planned technology city in Selangor, Malaysia, forming the nucleus of the Multimedia Super Corridor and home to MDEC, AI research initiatives, and a growing cluster of AI-ready data centres.
CyberSecurity Malaysia
CyberSecurity Malaysia is the national cyber security specialist agency under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, responsible for incident response, digital forensics, certification, and capacity building, including emerging risks from artificial intelligence.
DALL-E
DALL-E is a series of text-to-image generative AI models developed by OpenAI that create photorealistic and artistic images from natural language prompts using diffusion and language-vision alignment techniques.
Data Augmentation
A set of techniques that expand a training dataset by creating modified copies of existing examples, helping deep learning models generalise better and reducing overfitting.
Data Labelling
Data labelling is the process of attaching meaningful tags, classes, or annotations to raw data so that supervised machine learning models can learn to predict those labels on unseen examples.
Data Pipeline
A data pipeline is an automated sequence of processes that ingests, transforms, and delivers data from source systems to destination systems for analysis, machine learning, or operational use.
Databricks
Databricks is an American data and artificial intelligence company founded in 2013 by University of California, Berkeley researchers, known for the lakehouse architecture, Apache Spark, and the open-source DBRX large language model.
DataOps
DataOps is an engineering methodology that applies agile, DevOps, and lean manufacturing principles to data pipelines, aiming for rapid, reliable, and repeatable delivery of analytics and machine learning data.
DataRobot
An American enterprise AI platform company that provides automated machine learning, model deployment, monitoring, and generative AI tools, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
Decision Tree
A decision tree is a non-parametric supervised learning model that predicts an outcome by recursively splitting data into branches based on feature values, used for both classification and regression.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that uses multi-layered artificial neural networks to learn hierarchical representations from data, enabling state-of-the-art performance across vision, language, and speech tasks.
Deep Research
Deep Research is an AI agent capability that autonomously browses the web and synthesises cited reports, introduced by OpenAI in ChatGPT in February 2025 and later offered by Google Gemini and other assistants.
Deepfake
A deepfake is synthetic media in which a person's likeness or voice is fabricated or altered using deep learning, typically generative adversarial networks or diffusion models, to depict events that never occurred.
DeepSeek
A Chinese artificial intelligence company founded in 2023, known for developing open-source large language models including DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3 that achieved performance competitive with leading Western AI systems.
DeepSeek-V4
Open-weight large language model with a 1-million-token context window, released by Chinese AI lab DeepSeek in 2026.
DeepSpeed
DeepSpeed is an open-source deep learning optimisation library developed by Microsoft that enables efficient distributed training and inference of large-scale neural networks through memory and compute optimisations.
Devin AI
Devin AI is an AI-assisted software development tool created by Cognition that autonomously completes software engineering tasks, from planning and coding to testing and deployment.
Differential Privacy
Differential privacy is a mathematical framework for analysing data that guarantees the output of a computation reveals little about any single individual, achieved by adding calibrated random noise to limit each record's influence.
Diffusion Model
A class of generative AI models that learn to reverse a gradual noise-addition process, enabling the generation of high-quality images, audio, and video from random noise guided by text or other conditioning signals.
Dify
Dify is an open-source platform for building and operating large language model applications, offering visual workflow orchestration, retrieval-augmented generation pipelines, agent capabilities, and self-hosted deployment.
Digital Nasional Berhad
A Malaysian government-owned special-purpose company established in 2021 to build and operate the nationwide 5G network as a single wholesale network, providing equal access to all licensed mobile operators.
Digital Twin
A digital twin is a continuously updated virtual representation of a physical object, process, or system that mirrors its real-world counterpart in real time to enable simulation, monitoring, and prediction.
Direct Preference Optimization
Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a stable, computationally efficient algorithm for aligning large language models with human preferences by directly optimising a policy from comparison data, without training a separate reward model or using reinforcement learning.
Domain Adaptation
Domain adaptation is a machine learning technique that transfers a model trained on a labelled source domain to perform effectively on a related but distinct target domain with limited or no labelled target data, addressing distribution shift between domains.
Doubao
A suite of large language models and consumer AI assistant developed by ByteDance, the parent company of TikTok, reaching 159 million monthly active users and embedded across ByteDance's content, social, and device ecosystems.
Dropout
A regularisation technique in deep learning that randomly deactivates neurons during training, preventing co-adaptation and improving generalisation. Introduced by Hinton and colleagues in 2012 and formalised in 2014.
DSPy
An open-source framework from Stanford for programming, rather than manually prompting, language models, using declarative signatures and modules whose prompts and weights are automatically optimised by compilers called optimisers.
Edge AI
Edge AI is the deployment of artificial intelligence algorithms and inference workloads directly on local devices or edge computing nodes rather than in centralised cloud data centres, enabling low-latency, privacy-preserving, and bandwidth-efficient AI applications.
ElevenLabs
ElevenLabs is an AI audio research and deployment company founded in 2022 that develops text-to-speech, voice cloning, dubbing, and conversational voice agent technologies based on proprietary deep learning models.
Embedding
An embedding is a dense numerical vector representation of data — such as text, images, or audio — that encodes semantic meaning in a continuous high-dimensional space, enabling machine learning models to measure similarity and relationships.
Emergent Abilities
Capabilities that appear in large language models only once they reach a certain scale, and which are not present in smaller models, along with the debate over whether such abilities are real or measurement artifacts.
Encoder-Decoder Architecture
A neural network design pattern that compresses an input sequence into an internal representation using an encoder, and then generates an output sequence from that representation using a decoder, foundational to machine translation, summarisation, and many other sequence-to-sequence tasks.
Ensemble Learning
Ensemble learning is a machine learning technique that combines the predictions of multiple models to achieve higher accuracy and robustness than any single constituent model could attain on its own.
ERNIE Bot
A large language model and conversational AI assistant developed by Baidu, built on the ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration) foundation model series and integrated across Baidu's search, cloud, and enterprise platforms.
EU AI Act
The EU AI Act is the world's first comprehensive legal framework regulating artificial intelligence, classifying AI systems by risk level and imposing obligations on developers and deployers operating in the European Union.
Explainable AI
Explainable AI (XAI) refers to methods and techniques that make the decisions and predictions of artificial intelligence systems interpretable and understandable to human users, addressing the opacity of complex machine learning models.
Face Recognition
Face recognition is a biometric technology that identifies or verifies individuals by analysing facial features from images or video, widely used in security, banking, and immigration.
FAISS
FAISS (Facebook AI Similarity Search) is an open-source library developed by Meta AI for efficient similarity search and clustering of dense vectors at scale, enabling fast nearest-neighbour retrieval across millions or billions of embeddings.
Falcon LLM
A family of open-weight large language models developed by the Technology Innovation Institute (TII) in Abu Dhabi, released under permissive licenses and used widely across enterprise and research applications.
Feature Store
A centralised data platform for storing, serving, and managing machine learning features so that they can be reused consistently across training and online inference.
Federated Learning
Federated learning is a machine learning paradigm in which a model is trained across multiple decentralised devices or servers holding local data, without exchanging the raw data itself, preserving privacy while enabling collaborative model improvement.
Few-Shot Learning
Few-shot learning is a machine learning paradigm in which a model learns to perform new tasks or recognise new classes from only a small number of labelled training examples, often just one to five samples per class.
Fine-Tuning
The process of further training a pre-trained machine learning model on a smaller, task-specific dataset to adapt its weights for a particular domain, task, or desired behaviour.
Flash Attention
FlashAttention is an IO-aware exact attention algorithm that restructures the standard attention computation into memory-efficient tiled blocks, dramatically reducing GPU memory usage and wall-clock time for transformer models on long sequences.
Flow Matching
A generative modelling framework that trains a neural network to learn a vector field transporting noise to data, enabling faster and simpler training and sampling than classical diffusion models.
FLUX (image generation model)
A family of text-to-image generative AI models developed by Black Forest Labs, known for photorealism, accurate text rendering, and open-weight releases based on rectified flow transformer architecture.
Foundation Model
A large-scale AI model pretrained on broad, diverse datasets and designed to be adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks through fine-tuning, prompting, or retrieval augmentation.
Fraud Detection
Fraud detection is the application of data analysis, machine learning, and AI to identify deceptive or unauthorised transactions, activities, and behaviours in financial, digital, and commercial systems.
Function Calling
Function calling is the structured mechanism by which a large language model returns a JSON-formatted invocation of a named function with typed arguments, enabling reliable integration of LLMs with external systems.
Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
A gated recurrent unit is a recurrent neural network component that uses reset and update gates to model sequences efficiently while mitigating the vanishing gradient problem.
Gaussian Process
A non-parametric Bayesian model that defines a distribution over functions, widely used in regression, optimisation, and uncertainty quantification.
Gemini
Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models developed by Google DeepMind, designed to natively process and generate text, code, images, audio, and video across a range of model sizes.
Gemma
Gemma is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Google DeepMind, built on similar technology to the Gemini series and available for deployment on hardware ranging from laptops to cloud infrastructure.
Generative Adversarial Network
A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a class of machine learning framework in which two neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, compete against each other to produce synthetic data indistinguishable from real examples.
Generative AI
Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence systems capable of producing new content — text, images, audio, video, or code — by learning the underlying distribution of training data.
GitHub Copilot
GitHub Copilot is an AI pair-programming tool developed by GitHub and Microsoft that suggests code completions, answers questions, and autonomously edits code across files using large language models.
Google DeepMind
Google DeepMind is an AI research laboratory owned by Alphabet Inc., formed in 2023 by the merger of Google Brain and DeepMind, and responsible for developing foundational AI systems including the Gemini family of models, AlphaFold, and AlphaGo.
Google Vertex AI
Google Vertex AI is a unified machine learning platform on Google Cloud that consolidates data preparation, model training, deployment, and monitoring for both custom-built models and Google's foundation models including Gemini.
GPT-4
GPT-4 is a large multimodal language model developed by OpenAI, released in March 2023, that accepts both image and text inputs and demonstrates human-level performance on numerous professional and academic benchmarks.
GPT-5
GPT-5 is OpenAI's fifth-generation multimodal large language model, released in August 2025, that unifies fast responses and deliberate reasoning within a single system.
GPU Cluster
A GPU cluster is a networked group of servers, each containing one or more graphics processing units, purpose-built to accelerate parallel computation workloads such as deep learning training and large-scale AI inference.
GrabAI
The artificial intelligence programme of Grab Holdings, the Southeast Asian superapp founded in Malaysia, covering machine learning systems for ride-hailing, delivery, payments and merchant services.
Gradient Boosting
A machine learning ensemble technique that builds predictive models sequentially, where each new model corrects the errors of its predecessors using gradient descent optimisation.
Gradient Descent
Gradient descent is an iterative optimisation algorithm that minimises a loss function by repeatedly updating model parameters in the direction of the steepest descent, as defined by the negative gradient.
Graph Neural Network
A class of deep learning models designed to operate on graph-structured data, enabling nodes to aggregate and propagate information across their neighbourhoods through a message-passing mechanism.
GraphRAG
A retrieval-augmented generation technique that builds a knowledge graph of entities and relationships from a document collection, enabling AI systems to answer multi-hop and whole-corpus questions that plain vector search handles poorly.
Green AI
Green AI is an approach to artificial intelligence that prioritises energy efficiency and environmental sustainability across the model lifecycle, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint, power, and water consumption of training and inference.
Grok
Grok is a series of large language models developed by xAI, Elon Musk's AI company, featuring real-time web integration, advanced reasoning modes, and deep tool-use capabilities.
Groq
Groq is an American AI inference company that developed the Language Processing Unit (LPU), a custom silicon architecture optimised for high-throughput, low-latency inference of large language models using on-chip SRAM rather than external DRAM.
Group Relative Policy Optimization
Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a reinforcement learning algorithm for large language models, introduced by DeepSeek-AI in 2024, that computes policy updates using a group of sampled outputs instead of a learned value function.
Grouped-Query Attention (GQA)
An attention variant that partitions query heads into groups sharing a single set of keys and values, reducing memory bandwidth during inference while retaining most of the quality of full multi-head attention.
Hailuo AI
Hailuo AI is MiniMax's video generation model, known for producing high-quality, realistic videos from text prompts and images with strong motion dynamics and cinematic quality.
Hallucination (AI)
A phenomenon in which an artificial intelligence system generates output that is factually incorrect, fabricated, or unsupported by its input, while presenting it with apparent confidence.
Helicone
Helicone is an open-source LLM observability and gateway platform that enables developers to monitor, debug, and optimise large language model applications in production with minimal integration effort.
Hidden Markov Model
A statistical model that represents systems with unobservable (hidden) states that emit observable outputs, used widely in speech recognition, bioinformatics, and time-series analysis.
High Bandwidth Memory
High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a type of dynamic random-access memory that stacks DRAM dies vertically and connects them through silicon vias, delivering far higher bandwidth to AI accelerators and GPUs than conventional memory.
HRD Corp AI Training in Malaysia
HRD Corp, the Human Resource Development Corporation of Malaysia, funds employer-sponsored training in artificial intelligence, data science, and digital skills through a statutory levy collected from registered Malaysian employers.
Hugging Face
An American AI company and open-source platform that hosts machine learning models, datasets, and applications, widely described as the "GitHub of machine learning" for its role as the central repository of the open AI community.
Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are robots with a human-like body structure, typically a torso, two arms, and two legs, designed to operate in environments built for people; by 2026 they began moving from prototypes to early commercial deployment in industry.
Hunyuan
A family of large language models developed by Tencent, integrated across WeChat, QQ, and Tencent Cloud, offering multimodal capabilities including text, image, video, voice, and 3D generation through a unified omni-modal architecture.
Hybrid Search
Hybrid search is a retrieval technique that combines sparse keyword-based search (typically BM25) with dense vector semantic search to achieve superior recall and precision over either method alone.
Hyperparameter Tuning
The process of selecting optimal configuration values for a machine learning model's external parameters using methods such as grid search, random search, and Bayesian optimisation.
IBM watsonx
IBM's enterprise AI and data platform, comprising watsonx.ai for model development, watsonx.data as an open lakehouse, and watsonx.governance for AI risk and compliance management.
ILMU (Malaysian Large Language Model)
ILMU is Malaysia's first homegrown multimodal large language model, developed by YTL AI Labs to understand and generate Bahasa Melayu, Manglish and regional dialects across text, voice and vision.
Image Segmentation
A computer vision task that partitions an image into meaningful regions by assigning a class label to every pixel, enabling pixel-level understanding of visual scenes.
In-Context Learning
In-context learning is the ability of large language models to perform new tasks by conditioning on examples or instructions provided within the input prompt, without updating model weights.
Inference (Machine Learning)
Inference is the phase in which a trained machine learning model is used to generate predictions or outputs from new input data, distinct from the earlier training phase.
Instruction Tuning
Instruction tuning is a supervised fine-tuning technique that trains large language models on datasets of instruction-response pairs, enabling models to follow natural language directions and generalise to unseen tasks in a zero-shot or few-shot setting.
Intel
Intel is an American semiconductor company and the world's largest maker of x86 processors, competing in AI through its Gaudi accelerators, Xeon CPUs with built-in AI acceleration, and AI PC processors.
JAX
JAX is an open-source numerical computing library from Google that combines NumPy-style array programming with automatic differentiation and just-in-time compilation, used to train large-scale machine learning models on GPUs and TPUs.
JEPA
JEPA (Joint Embedding Predictive Architecture) is a machine learning architecture proposed by Yann LeCun in 2022 that learns by predicting abstract representations in latent space rather than raw pixels or tokens.
K-Means Clustering
K-means clustering is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that partitions a dataset into k groups by minimising the sum of squared distances between data points and their assigned cluster centroids.
Kimi
A conversational AI assistant and long-context large language model developed by Moonshot AI, a Beijing startup, known for its industry-leading context window lengths and strong performance on agentic reasoning tasks.
KL20
KL20 is a Malaysian government initiative to position Kuala Lumpur among the world's top 20 startup ecosystems by 2030, launched at the KL20 Summit in April 2024.
Kling AI
A family of generative AI video models developed by Kuaishou Technology in China, capable of producing photorealistic short-form video with synchronised audio from text or image prompts.
Kling AI
Kling AI, the video generation subsidiary of Kuaishou, raises $2.8 billion from Tencent, Alibaba, and other major investors in one of the largest AI funding rounds of 2026.
Knowledge Distillation
Knowledge distillation is a model compression technique in which a smaller student neural network is trained to replicate the behaviour of a larger, more capable teacher model, enabling deployment of efficient models that approximate teacher-level performance.
Knowledge Graph
A structured knowledge representation that encodes entities and their relationships as a directed labelled graph, enabling machines to reason over interconnected facts across diverse domains.
Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN)
Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks are a neural network architecture that places learnable activation functions on connections rather than fixed activations on nodes, improving accuracy and interpretability.
KV Cache
A KV cache (key-value cache) is a memory optimisation used in transformer inference that stores pre-computed key and value tensors from the attention mechanism, eliminating redundant recomputation when generating tokens sequentially.
Labelbox
Labelbox is an American AI data labeling and model evaluation platform that enables organisations to annotate training datasets, manage labeling workflows, and curate high-quality data for machine learning development.
LangChain
LangChain is an open-source framework for building applications powered by large language models, providing composable abstractions for chaining LLM calls with tools, memory, and data retrieval in Python and JavaScript.
Langfuse
Langfuse is an open-source LLM engineering platform that provides observability, tracing, prompt management, evaluation, and dataset tooling for teams building applications on top of large language models.
LangGraph
LangGraph is an open-source framework for building stateful, multi-actor AI agent applications using graph-based workflows, extending the LangChain ecosystem with cycle-capable execution and persistent state management.
LangSmith
LangSmith is an observability, tracing, and evaluation platform from LangChain for debugging, monitoring, and continuously improving large language model and AI agent applications in production.
Large Language Models
Large language models (LLMs) are AI systems trained on vast corpora of text to predict and generate natural language. They underpin modern chatbots, code assistants, and generative AI applications.
Layer Normalisation
Layer normalisation is a technique that normalises the inputs across the features of a single training example, stabilising and accelerating the training of deep neural networks, especially transformers.
Liquid Cooling
Liquid cooling is a data centre cooling technology that removes heat from computer components using liquid coolants, increasingly adopted for AI workloads whose rack power densities exceed the limits of traditional air cooling.
Llama
Llama is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Meta AI, released under a permissive licence that allows researchers and developers to freely download, fine-tune, and deploy the models for both research and commercial use.
LlamaIndex
LlamaIndex is an open-source Python and TypeScript framework for building retrieval-augmented and agentic AI applications over private data sources.
LLM Routing
The practice of dynamically selecting which large language model should handle a given query in order to balance cost, latency, and output quality across a pool of models.
LLM-as-a-Judge
LLM-as-a-judge is an evaluation method in which a large language model assesses the quality of outputs produced by other AI systems, offering a scalable alternative to human review.
LMArena
A crowdsourced platform for evaluating large language models through anonymous head-to-head comparisons voted on by users, widely regarded as a reference leaderboard for AI model quality.
Logistic Regression
Logistic regression is a statistical and machine learning method for classification that models the probability of an outcome by applying the logistic (sigmoid) function to a linear combination of input features.
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Long Short-Term Memory is a recurrent neural network architecture designed to learn long-range dependencies in sequential data by using gating mechanisms to control information flow.
LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)
LoRA is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique that adapts large pre-trained models by injecting small trainable low-rank matrices into transformer layers, drastically reducing the number of trainable parameters without sacrificing performance.
Lovable
Lovable is a Swedish "vibe coding" platform that generates web applications from natural language prompts, founded in Stockholm in 2023.
Luma Dream Machine
A text-to-video and image-to-video generative AI platform by Luma AI that produces realistic short video clips from prompts, powered by the Ray series of video models.
Machine Learning
Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence in which systems improve their performance on tasks through experience — by automatically learning patterns from data rather than following explicitly programmed rules.
Machine Translation
Machine translation is the automated conversion of text or speech from one natural language into another using rule-based, statistical, or neural systems.
Machine Unlearning
Machine unlearning is a set of techniques for removing the influence of specific training data from a trained AI model without retraining it from scratch, often motivated by privacy rights such as the right to erasure.
Malaysia AI Governance Framework
The Malaysia AI Governance Framework is a national set of guidelines, standards, and forthcoming legislation that defines responsible AI development and deployment in Malaysia.
Malaysia AI Talent
Malaysia AI talent refers to the workforce of AI engineers, data scientists, ML practitioners, and researchers in Malaysia, along with the government and industry initiatives aimed at developing and attracting AI expertise to meet the demands of the digital economy.
Malaysian AI Industry Developments (July 2026)
July 2026 brings major AI investment into Malaysia with Respond.io's $62.5M raise, AT&S's €2B semiconductor investment, and rising deepfake concerns prompting government action.
MaLLaM (Malaysia Large Language Model)
MaLLaM is a family of large language models developed by Malaysian startup Mesolitica, pretrained from scratch on Malay-language data to understand Malaysian dialects, colloquialisms, and regional languages.
Mamba (Structured State Space Model)
Mamba is a selective state space model architecture that achieves linear-time sequence modelling, offering a computationally efficient alternative to the Transformer for long-context tasks.
Manus AI
Manus is a general-purpose AI agent developed by the Singapore-headquartered startup Butterfly Effect, capable of autonomously performing multi-step tasks across the web, and known for becoming the centre of a geopolitical dispute after China blocked its US$2 billion acquisition by Meta in 2026.
Markov Decision Process
A Markov decision process is a mathematical framework for modelling sequential decision-making in which outcomes are partly random and partly under the control of a decision-maker.
MDEC — Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation
MDEC (Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation) is the Malaysian government agency tasked with driving the country's digital economy — including AI adoption, digital talent development, and tech-sector FDI.
Mechanistic Interpretability
A field of AI research that seeks to reverse-engineer the internal computations of neural networks into human-understandable features and circuits, in support of AI safety and reliability.
Meta AI
Meta AI is the artificial intelligence research division and product brand of Meta Platforms, responsible for the Llama family of open-weight language models and integrated AI assistants across Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger.
Meta Muse
Meta Muse is a family of open-weight AI models developed by Meta, designed for agentic tasks, local execution on consumer hardware, and efficient on-device deployment, with variants including Muse Spark, Muse Code, and Muse Glimmer.
Meta-Learning
A machine learning paradigm in which models learn how to learn, acquiring inductive biases across a distribution of tasks so they can adapt rapidly to new tasks with minimal data.
Microsoft Copilot
Microsoft Copilot is an AI-powered assistant integrated across Microsoft's product ecosystem — including Windows, Microsoft 365, Edge, and Azure — using large language models to assist with writing, coding, data analysis, and task automation.
Microsoft Launches $2.5 Billion AI Deployment Company
Microsoft announces Microsoft Frontier Company, a new $2.5 billion AI deployment venture with 6,000 engineering experts focused on delivering enterprise AI solutions, following similar moves by Amazon, OpenAI, and Anthropic.
Midjourney
An independent AI research lab and image generation service that produces images and video from natural-language text prompts, accessible primarily through Discord and a web application.
Milvus
Milvus is an open-source, cloud-native vector database built for high-performance approximate nearest neighbour search over massive embedding datasets, widely used in retrieval-augmented generation and semantic search.
MIMOS Berhad
MIMOS Berhad is Malaysia's national applied research and development centre under MOSTI, advancing technology platforms in artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and quantum computing.
MiniMax
A Chinese AI company and model developer known for the MiniMax-M1 and M2 large language models featuring ultra-long context windows of up to 4 million tokens, strong agentic performance, and open MIT-licensed releases.
Mistral AI
Mistral AI is a French artificial intelligence company founded in 2023 that develops and releases open-weight and proprietary large language models, notable for its competitive performance-to-efficiency ratio and commitment to open-source distribution.
Mixed Precision Training
Mixed precision training is a technique that speeds up and reduces the memory cost of training neural networks by performing many computations in lower-precision number formats while preserving accuracy with selective higher-precision steps.
Mixtral
Mixtral is a family of open-weight sparse mixture-of-experts large language models developed by Mistral AI, comprising Mixtral 8x7B and Mixtral 8x22B, released under the Apache 2.0 licence.
Mixture of Agents
Mixture of Agents (MoA) is a machine learning methodology that combines multiple large language models in a layered pipeline of proposer and aggregator models to improve response quality without retraining.
Mixture of Experts
Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a machine learning architecture in which a model routes each input to a small subset of specialised sub-networks called experts, enabling large model capacity at a fraction of the compute cost.
MLflow
An open-source platform for managing the end-to-end machine learning lifecycle, including experiment tracking, model packaging, a model registry, and deployment.
MLOps
A set of practices and tools that combine machine learning, DevOps, and data engineering to automate and operationalise the full lifecycle of ML models from development through production deployment and monitoring.
Model Cards
Model cards are structured documentation sheets accompanying machine learning models that disclose intended uses, performance characteristics, training data, limitations, and ethical considerations.
Model Collapse
Model collapse is a machine learning phenomenon in which models trained on data generated by previous AI models progressively degrade, losing accuracy, diversity, and reliability until outputs can become meaningless.
Model Compression
Model compression is a set of techniques that reduce the size, memory footprint, and computational cost of machine learning models while preserving predictive accuracy, enabling deployment on resource-constrained hardware.
Model Context Protocol
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open standard introduced by Anthropic in 2024 that defines a universal interface for connecting large language models to external tools, data sources, and services.
Model Pruning
A model compression technique that removes redundant or low-importance parameters from a neural network to reduce size, memory footprint, and inference latency while preserving accuracy.
Model Registry
A model registry is a centralised system that catalogues, versions, and governs trained machine learning models throughout their lifecycle, supporting reproducibility, deployment, and compliance.
Model Serving
Model serving is the discipline of deploying trained machine learning models behind APIs or runtimes so that production applications can request predictions at scale with predictable latency, throughput, and reliability.
Monte Carlo Methods
A broad class of computational algorithms that use repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results, widely used in machine learning for Bayesian inference, reinforcement learning, and uncertainty estimation.
Monte Carlo Tree Search
A heuristic search algorithm that builds a search tree incrementally using random simulations, balancing exploration and exploitation to select strong moves in decision-making and planning problems.
Moonshot AI
Moonshot AI (月之暗面) is a Beijing-based artificial intelligence company founded in March 2023 by Yang Zhilin, best known for the Kimi family of long-context large language models and among the most valuable AI startups in China.
MRANTI
MRANTI is Malaysia's central technology commercialisation agency under MOSTI, operating a 686-acre innovation park in Bukit Jalil that supports startups, research, and Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies.
MSC Malaysia
MSC Malaysia, originally the Multimedia Super Corridor, was a Malaysian government initiative established in 1996 to attract technology investment and develop a high-technology economic zone, later rebranded as Malaysia Digital in 2022.
Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-agent systems in AI are architectures in which multiple autonomous AI agents, each with specialised capabilities, collaborate through communication and coordination to complete complex tasks that exceed the capability of any single agent.
Multi-Armed Bandit
A classic reinforcement learning problem in which an agent must choose among multiple options with unknown reward distributions, balancing exploration of new options against exploitation of known good ones.
Multi-Task Learning
Multi-task learning is a machine learning approach in which a model is trained simultaneously on multiple related tasks, using shared representations to improve generalisation and data efficiency compared to training separate single-task models.
Multimodal AI
Artificial intelligence systems that can process, understand, and generate information across multiple data types simultaneously, including text, images, audio, video, and other modalities.
MyCC and AI Competition Law in Malaysia
An overview of the Malaysia Competition Commission's role in regulating AI-driven digital markets, including its 2025 market review of the digital economy under the Competition Act 2010.
MyDigital Blueprint
The Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint, known as MyDIGITAL, is Malaysias national strategy to transform the country into a digitally driven, high-income economy by 2030, with AI as a core enabler.
Naive Bayes Classifier
Naive Bayes is a family of probabilistic classifiers based on Bayes' theorem that assume conditional independence between features, offering fast and effective classification especially for text and high-dimensional data.
Named Entity Recognition
Named entity recognition (NER) is a natural language processing task that identifies and classifies named entities in text — such as people, organisations, locations, and dates — into predefined categories.
National AI Office Malaysia
The National AI Office (NAIO) is a Malaysian government body established in 2024 to coordinate national artificial intelligence policy, governance, talent development, and adoption across public and private sectors.
National AI Roadmap Malaysia (AI-RMAP 2021–2025)
Malaysia's first comprehensive national strategy for artificial intelligence, adopted in December 2021 and led by MOSTI with MDEC as implementation partner, aiming to position Malaysia among the top 20 nations in AI government readiness by 2025.
National Cyber Security Agency (NACSA)
The Malaysian federal agency responsible for coordinating national-level cyber security policy, protecting Critical National Information Infrastructure, and shaping the country's response to emerging threats including artificial intelligence and AI-enabled attacks.
National Semiconductor Strategy Malaysia
The National Semiconductor Strategy (NSS) is a Malaysian government initiative launched in May 2024 to expand the country's semiconductor industry into chip design, advanced packaging, and equipment manufacturing, targeting RM500 billion in investments.
Natural Language Generation
Natural Language Generation (NLG) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that automatically produces human-readable text from structured data, semantic representations, or other machine-readable inputs.
Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the subfield of AI concerned with enabling computers to understand, interpret, manipulate, and generate human language in both text and speech form.
Neptune.ai
Neptune.ai was an MLOps experiment tracking and metadata management platform that provided data science teams with tools to log, compare, and reproduce machine learning experiments at scale; the company was acquired by OpenAI in 2025.
Neural Architecture Search
Neural architecture search is the automated design of neural network architectures using search algorithms, reinforcement learning, or gradient-based methods to discover models that meet target accuracy, latency, and size constraints.
Neural Network
A neural network is a computational model inspired by biological brains, composed of interconnected layers of nodes that learn patterns from data through weighted connections.
Neural Processing Unit
A neural processing unit (NPU) is a specialised processor designed to accelerate artificial intelligence and machine learning workloads, integrated into smartphones, personal computers and edge devices for energy-efficient on-device inference.
Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF)
A method that reconstructs a 3D scene from a set of 2D photographs by training a neural network to represent the scene as a continuous field of colour and density.
Neural Scaling Laws
Neural scaling laws are empirical relationships describing how the performance of neural networks improves predictably as a function of model size, dataset size, and compute budget, enabling principled resource allocation for AI training.
Neuro-symbolic AI
Neuro-symbolic AI is a hybrid artificial intelligence paradigm that combines neural network-based learning with symbolic reasoning, integrating the pattern recognition strengths of deep learning with the structured reasoning and interpretability of symbolic methods.
Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic computing is a hardware and algorithm paradigm that mimics the structure and signalling of biological brains, using spiking neural networks and event-driven processing to achieve high energy efficiency.
NIST AI Risk Management Framework
A voluntary United States framework published by NIST in 2023 that provides organisations with a structured approach to identifying, assessing, and managing risks posed by artificial intelligence systems.
NotebookLM
A Google AI research and note-taking tool that answers questions and generates summaries, study guides, and podcast-style audio discussions based only on sources the user uploads, grounded in the Gemini large language model.
Nucleus Sampling (Top-p)
Nucleus sampling, or top-p sampling, is a decoding strategy for language models that samples from the smallest set of tokens whose cumulative probability exceeds a threshold.
NVIDIA
An American technology company and the world's dominant supplier of graphics processing units (GPUs) for artificial intelligence training and inference, responsible for the CUDA parallel computing platform and a broad ecosystem of AI hardware and software.
NVIDIA Blackwell
NVIDIA Blackwell is a GPU architecture introduced in 2024 for AI training and inference, featuring dual-die GPUs, FP4 precision, and the GB200 Grace Blackwell Superchip and NVL72 rack-scale systems for trillion-parameter models.
NVIDIA Nemotron
NVIDIA Nemotron is a family of open-weight large language models developed by NVIDIA, designed for efficient agentic AI workflows and released with open weights, training data, and post-training recipes under permissive licensing for commercial and local deployment.
NVIDIA Rubin
NVIDIA Rubin is the next-generation GPU and data centre platform from NVIDIA, announced at GTC 2025, pairing the custom Vera CPU with the Rubin GPU and HBM4 memory for agentic AI and reasoning workloads.
NVIDIA TensorRT
NVIDIA TensorRT is an SDK and inference optimisation runtime developed by NVIDIA that compiles trained deep learning models into highly optimised engines for low-latency, high-throughput deployment on NVIDIA GPUs.
Object Detection
Object detection is a computer vision task that involves identifying the location and category of one or more objects within an image or video frame, producing bounding boxes and class labels for each detected instance.
OECD AI Principles
The OECD AI Principles are the first intergovernmental standard on artificial intelligence, adopted in 2019 and updated in 2024, setting out values-based principles and policy recommendations for trustworthy AI.
Ollama
Ollama is an open-source runtime that enables developers and researchers to download, run, and manage large language models locally on consumer hardware without cloud API dependencies.
ONNX (Open Neural Network Exchange)
An open standard format for representing machine learning models that enables interoperability between deep learning frameworks, runtimes, and hardware platforms.
Open Weights
Open weights refers to AI models whose trained parameter weights are publicly released under permissive licences, enabling anyone to download, study, modify, and deploy the model locally, in contrast to closed-weight proprietary models accessible only via API.
OpenAI
An American artificial intelligence research organisation and technology company, founded in 2015, known for developing the GPT series of language models and the ChatGPT conversational AI platform.
OpenAI Codex
OpenAI Codex is an AI coding agent developed by OpenAI that plans, writes, and executes code from natural-language instructions, evolving from the 2021 code model of the same name into a flagship agentic software development tool.
OpenAI Proposes Donating 5% of Equity to US Sovereign Wealth Fund
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman has proposed giving 5% of the company's equity to a U.S. sovereign wealth fund, reviving discussions about letting the public share in AI financial gains.
OpenRouter
A platform that provides a single, standards-compatible API for accessing hundreds of large language models from multiple providers, with automatic routing, unified billing, and aggregated uptime.
OpenVINO
OpenVINO is an open-source toolkit developed by Intel for optimising and deploying deep learning inference across Intel hardware, including CPUs, GPUs, Neural Processing Units, and FPGAs, with broad support for major AI frameworks and model formats.
Optical Character Recognition
A computer vision technology that converts images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-readable digital text, increasingly powered by deep learning and transformer-based vision models.
Overfitting
Overfitting is a modelling error in machine learning where a model learns the training data too closely, including its noise, and consequently performs poorly on new, unseen data.
OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
The OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications is a community-maintained list of the ten most critical security risks in applications built on large language models, led by prompt injection.
Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
A family of techniques that adapts a pretrained language or vision model to a downstream task by training only a small fraction of its parameters, dramatically reducing compute, memory, and storage requirements compared to full fine-tuning.
PDPA AI Compliance
PDPA AI compliance refers to the application of Malaysia's Personal Data Protection Act 2010 to artificial intelligence systems, governing how personal data may be collected, processed, and used in AI training, inference, and deployment.
Perceptron
The perceptron is a single-layer neural network and linear binary classifier introduced by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957, forming the historical foundation of modern neural networks.
Perplexity AI
Perplexity AI is an American AI company that operates an answer engine combining real-time web search with large language model synthesis, providing cited, conversational responses to user queries.
pgvector
pgvector is an open-source PostgreSQL extension that adds a vector data type and similarity-search operators, allowing embeddings to be stored and queried directly inside a relational database.
Phi (Language Model)
A family of small language models developed by Microsoft Research that demonstrate strong reasoning and instruction-following at parameter counts an order of magnitude smaller than typical frontier models.
Physical AI
Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives, reasons about, and acts upon the physical world through embodied systems such as robots, autonomous vehicles, and automated facilities, bridging digital intelligence and real-world action.
Pika Labs
A United States-based artificial intelligence startup founded in 2023 that develops the Pika text-to-video and image-to-video generation models, competing with Runway and OpenAI's Sora in the AI video generation market.
Pinecone
Pinecone is a managed, cloud-native vector database designed for storing high-dimensional embeddings and serving low-latency similarity search for retrieval-augmented AI applications.
Pose Estimation
Pose estimation is the computer vision task of detecting and tracking the position and orientation of human bodies, hands, or objects from images or video, typically by locating keypoints such as joints.
Pre-training
Pre-training is the initial phase of large language model development in which a model learns from massive unlabelled text corpora before being specialised through fine-tuning, representing the most computationally expensive and data-intensive stage of AI development.
Precision and Recall
Precision and recall are two complementary metrics used to evaluate classification models, measuring respectively the correctness of positive predictions and the completeness with which actual positives are identified.
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance is the use of sensor data, statistical modelling, and machine learning to forecast equipment failures before they occur, enabling repairs to be scheduled precisely when needed.
Principal Component Analysis
An unsupervised statistical technique that transforms correlated variables into a smaller set of uncorrelated components that preserve as much variance in the original data as possible.
Prompt Caching
Prompt caching is an inference optimisation technique that stores precomputed key-value representations of repeated prompt prefixes, reducing latency and token processing costs for applications with stable system prompts or long shared contexts.
Prompt Engineering
The practice of designing and optimising input instructions given to large language models to elicit accurate, relevant, and well-structured outputs for a given task or application.
Prompt Injection
Prompt injection is a security vulnerability affecting large language model applications in which an attacker embeds adversarial instructions in model inputs to override the system's intended behaviour, bypass safety controls, or exfiltrate sensitive information.
Proximal Policy Optimization
A reinforcement learning algorithm developed by OpenAI that stabilises policy gradient training by constraining the size of policy updates, widely used for fine-tuning large language models through RLHF.
PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source machine learning framework, originally developed by Meta AI, that provides tensor computation with GPU acceleration and a dynamic computational graph for building and training deep neural networks.
Q-Learning
Q-learning is a model-free, off-policy reinforcement learning algorithm that learns the value of taking a given action in a given state, enabling an agent to derive an optimal policy through trial and error.
Qdrant
An open-source, Rust-based vector database and similarity search engine designed for high-performance storage and retrieval of high-dimensional embeddings, with support for hybrid search and multitenant deployments.
QLoRA
A parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique that combines 4-bit quantization with low-rank adapters, allowing large language models to be fine-tuned on a single GPU.
Quantisation
Quantisation is a model compression technique that reduces the numerical precision of a neural network's weights and activations from high-bit floating-point formats to lower-bit representations, decreasing memory usage and accelerating inference with minimal accuracy loss.
Question Answering
Question answering is the natural language processing task of producing accurate answers to questions posed in natural language, often using information retrieval, reading comprehension, or large language models.
Qwen
Qwen is a family of large language models developed by Alibaba Cloud, ranging from small open-weight dense models to trillion-parameter mixture-of-experts systems, with strong multilingual and reasoning capabilities.
Random Forest
Random forest is an ensemble machine learning algorithm that builds many decision trees on bootstrapped samples and aggregates their predictions to improve accuracy and reduce overfitting.
Ray (Distributed Computing Framework)
Ray is an open-source framework for scaling Python and machine learning workloads from a laptop to large clusters, providing unified libraries for distributed training, tuning, serving and reinforcement learning.
ReAct (Reasoning and Acting)
ReAct is a prompting framework that interleaves reasoning traces with task actions, letting a language model plan, call external tools, and incorporate observations to solve problems more reliably.
Reasoning Models
Reasoning models are large language models trained to generate extended internal deliberation before producing a final answer, using test-time compute to improve accuracy on complex tasks such as mathematics, coding, and multi-step logic.
Recommendation System
A recommendation system is an information filtering algorithm that predicts and surfaces items — such as products, content, or services — that a particular user is likely to find relevant, based on past behaviour, item attributes, or the preferences of similar users.
Recurrent Neural Network
A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of neural network designed for sequential data, where connections between nodes form directed cycles allowing information to persist across time steps.
Regularisation (Machine Learning)
Regularisation is a collection of techniques in machine learning that constrain models during training to reduce overfitting and improve generalisation to unseen data.
Reinforcement Learning
A machine learning paradigm in which an agent learns to make sequential decisions by interacting with an environment and optimising for cumulative reward through trial and error.
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) is an alignment technique in which an AI model provides preference labels to train a reward model, replacing or supplementing expensive human annotation used in RLHF.
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
A machine learning technique that trains a reward model from human preference data and uses it to align large language models with human values, safety requirements, and intended behaviour through reinforcement learning.
Replit Agent
Replit Agent is an AI agent for automating software development built into the Replit platform, released in September 2024, that builds and deploys applications from natural language prompts.
Reranking
Reranking is a two-stage information retrieval technique in which a fast first-stage retriever generates candidate documents, and a more accurate but computationally expensive model re-scores and reorders them.
Residual Network
A deep convolutional neural network architecture introduced by Microsoft Research in 2015 that uses skip connections to enable training of very deep networks, winning the ImageNet challenge with a top-5 error rate of 3.57%.
Responsible AI
A framework of principles and practices that guide the development and deployment of artificial intelligence systems to ensure they are safe, fair, transparent, accountable, and aligned with human values.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation
A technique that enhances large language model outputs by retrieving relevant documents from an external knowledge base at inference time, grounding responses in up-to-date and domain-specific information.
Reward Hacking
Reward hacking, also called specification gaming, is a failure mode in reinforcement learning in which an AI agent exploits flaws or ambiguities in its reward function to achieve high scores without actually accomplishing the outcome its designers intended.
Reward Modeling
Reward modeling is the process of training a neural network to predict human or AI preferences over model outputs, providing a scalable reward signal for reinforcement learning-based alignment of language models.
Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE)
A method for encoding token positions in transformer models by rotating query and key vectors, capturing relative position through rotation angles rather than additive position vectors.
Runway ML
Runway is a generative artificial intelligence company that develops video generation and editing models, best known for its Gen-series text-to-video systems used in filmmaking and content creation.
Salesforce Einstein
Salesforce Einstein is an integrated artificial intelligence platform embedded across the Salesforce CRM ecosystem, providing predictive analytics, generative AI, and autonomous agents for sales, service, marketing, and commerce workflows.
SambaNova Systems
SambaNova Systems is an American AI hardware and software company that designs reconfigurable dataflow unit (RDU) accelerators, most notably the SN40L, for training and running large language models.
SC Malaysia Fintech
The Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) regulates capital market fintech activities including digital assets, robo-advisory, equity crowdfunding, and AI-driven investment services through a framework of licensing, regulatory sandboxes, and guidelines.
Scale AI
An American data labelling, evaluation, and AI infrastructure company that supplies training data and evaluation services to leading AI laboratories, autonomous vehicle developers, and government agencies.
Scikit-learn
Scikit-learn is an open-source Python library for classical machine learning, providing accessible and consistent implementations of classification, regression, clustering, and data-preprocessing algorithms built on NumPy and SciPy.
SEA-LION
SEA-LION (Southeast Asian Languages In One Network) is an open-source family of large language models developed by AI Singapore to serve the languages and cultures of Southeast Asia.
Seedance
Seedance is ByteDance's AI video generation model, capable of producing high-quality, dynamic videos from text prompts or images with advanced motion control and cinematic quality.
Segment Anything Model
The Segment Anything Model (SAM) is a foundation model from Meta AI for promptable image and video segmentation, able to isolate any object from a click, box, or mask with strong zero-shot generalisation.
Self-Supervised Learning
A machine learning training paradigm in which a model generates its own supervisory signal from unlabelled data by solving pretext tasks, learning rich representations without human-annotated labels.
Semantic Search
Semantic search is a search paradigm that retrieves results based on the meaning and intent of a query rather than exact keyword matches, using vector embeddings to measure conceptual similarity between text.
Semi-Supervised Learning
Semi-supervised learning is a machine learning approach that trains models using a small amount of labelled data together with a large amount of unlabelled data, combining the strengths of supervised and unsupervised methods.
Sentence Transformers
Sentence Transformers are neural network models that encode sentences, paragraphs, or short documents into fixed-length dense vector embeddings optimised for semantic similarity comparison.
Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis is a natural language processing technique that automatically identifies and classifies the emotional tone of text as positive, negative, or neutral, and is widely used in customer feedback, social media monitoring, and financial analysis.
Sequence-to-Sequence Model
A neural network architecture composed of an encoder that processes an input sequence into a fixed representation and a decoder that generates an output sequence from that representation, forming the foundation for machine translation, summarisation, and dialogue systems.
ServiceNow AI
ServiceNow AI is the artificial intelligence layer embedded in the ServiceNow platform, providing predictive analytics, generative AI, and autonomous agents for IT service management, enterprise workflow automation, and cross-functional business operations.
Shadow Mode
Shadow mode is a machine learning deployment strategy in which a new model processes live production traffic in parallel with the existing model, capturing outputs for evaluation without affecting users or business operations.
Silicon Photonics
Silicon photonics is a technology that uses silicon-based photonic integrated circuits to transmit and process data using light, increasingly deployed in AI data centre interconnects and co-packaged optics to overcome the bandwidth and power limits of electrical copper links.
Small Language Models
Small language models (SLMs) are compact language models with fewer than around 10 billion parameters, designed for efficient deployment on edge devices, mobile hardware, and resource-constrained environments.
Softmax Function
The softmax function converts a vector of real-valued scores into a probability distribution, and is widely used as the output layer of neural network classifiers and in attention mechanisms.
Sora
Sora is a text-to-video generative AI model developed by OpenAI that produces short, high-fidelity video clips with synchronised audio from natural-language prompts.
Sovereign AI
Sovereign AI is the capacity of a nation to develop, deploy, and govern artificial intelligence using its own infrastructure, data, talent, and models, ensuring strategic autonomy and alignment with domestic laws and values.
Spark
A large language model developed by iFlyTek, a Chinese AI company specialising in speech recognition and natural language processing, notable for its multilingual capabilities covering over 130 languages including Malay and other ASEAN languages.
Sparse Autoencoder
A sparse autoencoder is a type of autoencoder trained with a sparsity constraint that forces most neurons in the hidden layer to be inactive for any given input, producing a disentangled, interpretable feature decomposition.
Speculative Decoding
Speculative decoding is an inference acceleration technique that uses a small draft model to propose multiple candidate tokens that a larger target model then verifies in parallel, achieving 2-4x throughput gains without changing output quality.
Speech Recognition
Speech recognition, or automatic speech recognition (ASR), is the technology that enables computers to identify and transcribe spoken language into text using acoustic models, language models, and deep learning architectures.
Stability AI
A British artificial intelligence company best known for developing and releasing Stable Diffusion, an open-weight text-to-image generative model, and a family of related image, video, audio, and 3D models.
Stable Diffusion
Stable Diffusion is an open-source latent diffusion model developed by Stability AI that generates high-quality images from text prompts, running efficiently on consumer-grade hardware.
Structured Outputs
A capability that forces a language model to return responses that conform exactly to a specified format such as a JSON schema, making model output reliable for software pipelines.
Suno AI
Suno AI is a generative artificial intelligence company whose model creates complete songs, including vocals and instrumentation, from text prompts, and which has become a focus of copyright litigation in the music industry.
Support Vector Machine
A support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm that finds the optimal hyperplane separating data points of different classes by maximising the margin between the boundary and the nearest training examples.
Synthetic Data
Synthetic data is artificially generated data that mimics the statistical properties of real datasets, created using generative AI or simulations to train machine learning models without exposing sensitive personal information.
TechCity KL
TechCity KL is a technology and innovation district initiative in Kuala Lumpur designed to attract technology companies, AI startups, and multinational regional headquarters to a dedicated urban precinct within the Malaysian capital.
Tensor Processing Unit
A tensor processing unit (TPU) is a custom application-specific integrated circuit developed by Google for accelerating machine learning workloads, particularly neural network training and inference.
TensorFlow
TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning platform developed by Google that supports the full lifecycle of building, training, and deploying models across servers, mobile devices, browsers, and edge hardware.
TensorFlow Lite
TensorFlow Lite is an open-source deep learning framework from Google for running optimised machine learning models on mobile phones, microcontrollers, and other edge devices.
Test-Time Compute
Test-time compute refers to the computational effort a model expends during inference rather than training, a paradigm in which large language models improve reasoning by generating and evaluating more intermediate steps before answering.
Text Summarisation
Text summarisation is the natural language processing task of producing a shorter version of a document that preserves its key information, using extractive or abstractive techniques.
Text-to-Speech
Text-to-speech is the technology that converts written text into synthesised spoken audio using rule-based, concatenative, or neural network methods.
TF-IDF
TF-IDF is a statistical weighting scheme that measures how important a word is to a document within a collection, widely used in information retrieval and text mining.
Time Series Forecasting
Time series forecasting is the application of statistical and machine learning methods to predict future values of a sequence of observations indexed in time, such as sales, demand, electricity load, or financial prices.
TinyML
TinyML is a field of machine learning focused on running machine learning models on microcontrollers and other resource-constrained edge devices that typically operate with milliwatts of power and kilobytes of memory.
Together AI
Together AI is a cloud computing company that provides GPU infrastructure and an inference platform for training, fine-tuning, and running open-source AI models at scale.
Token
A token is the smallest unit of text processed by a large language model, typically representing a word, subword, or character used as the fundamental input and output element during inference.
Tokenisation
Tokenisation is the process of breaking text into discrete units called tokens — which may represent words, subwords, characters, or symbols — that serve as the fundamental input units for language models and other natural language processing systems.
Tokenization
Tokenization is the process of breaking text into discrete units called tokens that a large language model can process, forming the fundamental interface between human language and neural network computation.
Tool Use
Tool use in AI refers to the capability of language models to invoke external functions, APIs, or services to retrieve information, perform actions, or extend their abilities beyond text generation.
Trae
Trae is an AI-native integrated development environment (IDE) developed by ByteDance that embeds large language models into the coding workflow for autocomplete, chat, and agentic multi-file code generation.
Transfer Learning
Transfer learning is a machine learning technique in which a model pre-trained on one task or dataset is adapted for a different but related task, enabling high performance with significantly less data and compute than training from scratch.
Transformer Architecture
A neural network architecture introduced in 2017 that uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequential data in parallel, forming the foundation of modern large language models and multimodal AI systems.
Tree of Thoughts
Tree of Thoughts (ToT) is a prompting framework that lets large language models explore and evaluate multiple intermediate reasoning paths in a branching search, improving performance on tasks requiring planning.
TSMC
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) is the world's largest dedicated independent semiconductor foundry, manufacturing the advanced chips — including NVIDIA GPUs and Google TPUs — that power the global artificial intelligence industry.
Turing Test
The Turing test is a method proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 for judging machine intelligence, in which a human evaluator decides whether unseen written responses come from a machine or a person.
UN Global AI Risk Assessment
The United Nations releases its first comprehensive global AI assessment, with Secretary-General calling for urgent international cooperation on AI safety, equity, and governance.
United States AI Executive Orders
United States AI executive orders are presidential directives that govern federal policy on artificial intelligence, notably Executive Order 14110 of 2023 and Executive Order 14179 of 2025.
v0
v0 is Vercel's AI-powered interface generation tool that creates React and Tailwind CSS user interfaces from natural language text prompts, released in October 2023.
Variational Autoencoder
A variational autoencoder is a generative neural network that learns a probabilistic latent representation of data, enabling smooth sampling and reconstruction of new examples.
Vector Database
A specialised database system that stores data as high-dimensional numerical vectors and enables fast approximate nearest-neighbour search, forming the retrieval backbone of semantic search and RAG systems.
Veo
Veo is a text-to-video model developed by Google DeepMind that generates videos from text prompts, with Veo 2 supporting 4K resolution and Veo 3 adding synchronized audio.
Vibe Coding
Vibe coding is an AI-assisted software development practice in which a developer describes intent in natural language and a large language model generates the code, with the human guiding and testing rather than writing it directly.
Vision Transformer
The Vision Transformer (ViT) is a deep learning model that applies the transformer architecture originally designed for NLP directly to sequences of image patches, achieving state-of-the-art results on visual recognition tasks.
Vision-Language Model
A multimodal AI system that jointly processes and generates information from both images and text, extending large language models with visual perception capabilities through cross-modal alignment.
Vision-Language-Action Model (VLA)
A class of multimodal foundation models for robotics that takes camera images and a text instruction as input and directly outputs low-level robot actions.
vLLM
vLLM is an open-source library for fast and memory-efficient large language model inference and serving, built around the PagedAttention algorithm for optimised GPU memory management.
Voice Cloning
Voice cloning is the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to create a digital replica of a person's voice, enabling the synthesis of new speech the person never recorded.
Wan
Wan (Tongyi Wanxiang) is a family of open-source AI video generation models developed by Alibaba's Tongyi Lab, notable for being the first open-source video diffusion models to adopt a Mixture-of-Experts architecture.
Weaviate
An open-source, cloud-native vector database that combines vector similarity search with structured filtering, GraphQL APIs, and built-in vectorisation for AI applications.
Weights and Biases
Weights and Biases (W&B) is a machine learning developer platform for experiment tracking, model versioning, dataset management, and collaborative model evaluation used by over 200,000 ML practitioners worldwide.
Whisper
Whisper is an open-source automatic speech recognition system developed by OpenAI, trained on 680,000 hours of multilingual audio data and capable of transcription, translation, and language identification across nearly 100 languages.
Windsurf
Windsurf is an AI-powered code editor, originally developed by Codeium, that was acquired by Cognition in 2025 and later rebranded as Devin Desktop.
Word2Vec
A neural network-based algorithm developed by Google in 2013 that learns dense vector representations of words from large text corpora, capturing semantic and syntactic relationships through distributional similarity.
World Models
World models are AI systems that build internal representations of how the environment works, enabling machines to simulate, plan, and reason about future states without requiring direct experience.
xAI
xAI is an American artificial intelligence company founded by Elon Musk in 2023, developing the Grok family of large language models and building one of the world's largest AI supercomputers.
XGBoost
XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting) is an open-source machine learning library that provides a fast, regularised gradient boosting framework, widely used for classification, regression, and ranking on tabular data.
Yi
A family of open-source bilingual large language models developed by 01.AI, the Beijing-based AI startup founded by Kai-Fu Lee, achieving competitive performance against Llama 2 and Falcon with strong Chinese and English bilingual capability.
YOLO (You Only Look Once)
YOLO is a family of real-time object detection models that frame detection as a single regression problem, predicting bounding boxes and class probabilities directly from an image in one network pass.
YTL AI Cloud
A Malaysian AI cloud service operated by YTL Power International, built on Nvidia Grace Blackwell GPUs at the YTL Green Data Center Park in Kulai, Johor, supporting sovereign AI workloads including the ILMU language model.
Zero-Shot Learning
Zero-shot learning is a machine learning paradigm in which a model makes accurate predictions on categories it has never seen during training by leveraging semantic descriptions or attribute representations.
Zhipu AI
Zhipu AI (Z.ai) is a Chinese artificial intelligence company spun out of Tsinghua University in 2019, best known for developing the GLM family of large language models and for becoming the first pure LLM company to list on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.