Applications
79 articles in this section
Adobe Firefly
Adobe Firefly is a family of generative AI models developed by Adobe for creating and editing images, vectors, design assets and video, trained with an emphasis on commercially safe, licensed content.
Adversarial Machine Learning
Adversarial machine learning is the study of attacks that exploit weaknesses in machine learning models, such as crafted inputs that cause misclassification, and of the defences designed to make models more robust.
Agent2Agent Protocol (A2A)
An open protocol that lets independent AI agents built on different frameworks discover one another, exchange messages, and delegate tasks over a standard interface.
Agentic AI
Agentic AI refers to artificial intelligence systems designed to pursue goals autonomously over extended time horizons by perceiving their environment, reasoning about actions, executing multi-step plans, and learning from outcomes without requiring continuous human instruction.
Agentic RAG
Agentic RAG is an approach to retrieval-augmented generation in which autonomous AI agents dynamically decide when, what, and how to retrieve information, applying planning, reflection, and tool use rather than following a fixed retrieve-then-generate pipeline.
AI Agents
Autonomous AI systems that perceive their environment, reason over goals, select and execute actions using external tools, and operate across multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention.
AI and Employment
AI and employment refers to the effects of artificial intelligence on work — augmentation, displacement and reskilling — with studies estimating that roughly a quarter of jobs globally are exposed to generative AI and identifying concentrated risks for Malaysia's services sector.
AI Automation
AI automation combines artificial intelligence with robotic process automation and workflow orchestration to eliminate repetitive tasks, reduce errors, and free human workers for higher-value work.
AI Companions
AI companions are conversational AI applications built around persistent personas that provide friendship, emotional support or romantic interaction, rather than performing productivity tasks.
AI Drug Discovery
AI drug discovery applies machine learning, deep learning, and generative modelling to accelerate the identification, design, and optimisation of therapeutic compounds across the pharmaceutical pipeline.
AI in Journalism
AI in journalism refers to the use of artificial intelligence across news gathering, production and distribution — transcription, summarisation, research and personalisation — and the accuracy, transparency, jobs and licensing debates it has raised, including in Malaysian newsrooms.
AI in Mathematics
AI in mathematics covers machine-learning systems that prove theorems, discover algorithms and compete in mathematical olympiads, from AlphaGeometry and AlphaProof to the gold-medal-standard systems of 2025.
AI Memory
AI memory refers to the mechanisms that allow artificial intelligence agents to retain, retrieve, and use information across interactions, extending capability beyond a single context window.
AI Music Generation
AI music generation is the use of machine learning models to compose, arrange, or produce music from text prompts or other inputs, spanning full songs with vocals, instrumental tracks, and sound design.
AI Red Teaming
A structured adversarial evaluation practice in which testers attempt to elicit harmful, unsafe, or policy-violating behaviour from AI systems in order to surface risks before deployment.
AI Safety
AI safety is a field of research and practice concerned with the development of artificial intelligence systems that behave reliably, avoid harmful outputs, and remain aligned with human values, especially as systems become more capable.
AI Video Generation
AI video generation refers to the automated creation of video content from text prompts, images, or other inputs using generative neural networks, enabling synthetic video production without cameras or traditional animation.
AI Watermarking
AI watermarking refers to techniques for embedding detectable signals into AI-generated content to establish provenance, enable detection, and support content authenticity verification across images, audio, video, and text.
AI Weather Forecasting
AI weather forecasting is the use of machine-learning models trained on historical atmospheric data to predict weather, a field whose leading systems now match or exceed traditional physics-based forecasts on many measures while running in minutes on a single accelerator.
AlphaFold
AlphaFold is an AI system developed by Google DeepMind that predicts the three-dimensional structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences, achieving accuracy comparable to experimental methods.
Anomaly Detection
A class of machine learning techniques that identifies rare events, observations, or patterns that differ significantly from the majority of data, used for fraud, intrusion, and fault detection.
Apple Intelligence
Apple Intelligence is Apple's system of generative AI features for iPhone, iPad and Mac, combining on-device foundation models with a private cloud-computing layer for tasks that require larger models.
Autonomous Agents
Autonomous AI agents are software systems that use large language models as a reasoning core, enabling them to plan multi-step tasks, use external tools, maintain memory, and take actions to achieve goals with minimal human intervention.
Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles are road vehicles that use artificial intelligence, sensors and onboard computing to drive with limited or no human involvement, ranging from advanced driver-assistance features to fully driverless robotaxis and delivery fleets.
Chain-of-Thought Prompting
A prompt engineering technique that improves large language model reasoning on complex tasks by instructing the model to generate explicit intermediate reasoning steps before arriving at a final answer.
Chatbot
A chatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation through text or voice, ranging from simple rule-based systems to sophisticated AI assistants powered by large language models.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT is a generative AI chatbot developed by OpenAI that popularised conversational artificial intelligence after its release in November 2022 and became one of the fastest-adopted software products in history.
Code Generation
AI code generation is the use of large language models to automatically produce, complete, or transform source code from natural language descriptions, enabling assisted and autonomous software development.
Computer Vision
Computer vision is the field of artificial intelligence that enables machines to interpret and act upon visual information from the world — including images, video, and depth data.
Computer-Use Agents
Computer-use agents are AI systems that operate computers through their graphical interfaces — reading screens, clicking, typing and navigating software — instead of relying on purpose-built API integrations.
Deepfake
A deepfake is synthetic media in which a person's likeness or voice is fabricated or altered using deep learning, typically generative adversarial networks or diffusion models, to depict events that never occurred.
Digital Twin
A digital twin is a continuously updated virtual representation of a physical object, process, or system that mirrors its real-world counterpart in real time to enable simulation, monitoring, and prediction.
Explainable AI
Explainable AI (XAI) refers to methods and techniques that make the decisions and predictions of artificial intelligence systems interpretable and understandable to human users, addressing the opacity of complex machine learning models.
Face Recognition
Face recognition is a biometric technology that identifies or verifies individuals by analysing facial features from images or video, widely used in security, banking, and immigration.
Fine-Tuning
The process of further training a pre-trained machine learning model on a smaller, task-specific dataset to adapt its weights for a particular domain, task, or desired behaviour.
FLUX
FLUX is a family of text-to-image and image-editing generative models developed by Black Forest Labs, known for prompt fidelity, legible in-image text, and widely adopted open-weight releases.
Fraud Detection
Fraud detection is the application of data analysis, machine learning, and AI to identify deceptive or unauthorised transactions, activities, and behaviours in financial, digital, and commercial systems.
Function Calling
Function calling is the structured mechanism by which a large language model returns a JSON-formatted invocation of a named function with typed arguments, enabling reliable integration of LLMs with external systems.
Generative AI
Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence systems capable of producing new content — text, images, audio, video, or code — by learning the underlying distribution of training data.
GraphRAG
A retrieval-augmented generation technique that builds a knowledge graph of entities and relationships from a document collection, enabling AI systems to answer multi-hop and whole-corpus questions that plain vector search handles poorly.
Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are machines built with a human-like body plan — head, torso, two arms and two legs — designed to work in environments built for people, a field transformed since 2024 by AI foundation models and early commercial deployments.
Hybrid Search
Hybrid search is a retrieval technique that combines sparse keyword-based search (typically BM25) with dense vector semantic search to achieve superior recall and precision over either method alone.
Image Segmentation
A computer vision task that partitions an image into meaningful regions by assigning a class label to every pixel, enabling pixel-level understanding of visual scenes.
In-Context Learning
In-context learning is the ability of large language models to perform new tasks by conditioning on examples or instructions provided within the input prompt, without updating model weights.
LLM-as-a-Judge
LLM-as-a-judge is an evaluation method in which a large language model assesses the quality of outputs produced by other AI systems, offering a scalable alternative to human review.
LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)
LoRA is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique that adapts large pre-trained models by injecting small trainable low-rank matrices into transformer layers, drastically reducing the number of trainable parameters without sacrificing performance.
Machine Translation
Machine translation is the automated conversion of text or speech from one natural language into another using rule-based, statistical, or neural systems.
Mechanistic Interpretability
A field of AI research that seeks to reverse-engineer the internal computations of neural networks into human-understandable features and circuits, in support of AI safety and reliability.
Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-agent systems in AI are architectures in which multiple autonomous AI agents, each with specialised capabilities, collaborate through communication and coordination to complete complex tasks that exceed the capability of any single agent.
Named Entity Recognition
Named entity recognition (NER) is a natural language processing task that identifies and classifies named entities in text — such as people, organisations, locations, and dates — into predefined categories.
Nano Banana
Nano Banana is a family of native image generation and editing models in Google's Gemini line, known for conversational photo editing, character consistency and rapid consumer adoption.
NotebookLM (Gemini Notebook)
NotebookLM, renamed Gemini Notebook in July 2026, is Google's source-grounded AI research assistant that answers questions and generates study materials strictly from documents a user uploads.
Object Detection
Object detection is a computer vision task that involves identifying the location and category of one or more objects within an image or video frame, producing bounding boxes and class labels for each detected instance.
OpenAI o-Series
The OpenAI o-Series is a family of reasoning models — o1, o3 and o4-mini — trained to deliberate before answering, later folded into the unified GPT-5 system.
Optical Character Recognition
A computer vision technology that converts images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-readable digital text, increasingly powered by deep learning and transformer-based vision models.
Pose Estimation
Pose estimation is the computer vision task of detecting and tracking the position and orientation of human bodies, hands, or objects from images or video, typically by locating keypoints such as joints.
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance is the use of sensor data, statistical modelling, and machine learning to forecast equipment failures before they occur, enabling repairs to be scheduled precisely when needed.
Prompt Engineering
The practice of designing and optimising input instructions given to large language models to elicit accurate, relevant, and well-structured outputs for a given task or application.
Question Answering
Question answering is the natural language processing task of producing accurate answers to questions posed in natural language, often using information retrieval, reading comprehension, or large language models.
ReAct (Reasoning and Acting)
ReAct is a prompting framework that interleaves reasoning traces with task actions, letting a language model plan, call external tools, and incorporate observations to solve problems more reliably.
Recommendation System
A recommendation system is an information filtering algorithm that predicts and surfaces items — such as products, content, or services — that a particular user is likely to find relevant, based on past behaviour, item attributes, or the preferences of similar users.
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) is an alignment technique in which an AI model provides preference labels to train a reward model, replacing or supplementing expensive human annotation used in RLHF.
Reranking
Reranking is a two-stage information retrieval technique in which a fast first-stage retriever generates candidate documents, and a more accurate but computationally expensive model re-scores and reorders them.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation
A technique that enhances large language model outputs by retrieving relevant documents from an external knowledge base at inference time, grounding responses in up-to-date and domain-specific information.
Reward Modeling
Reward modeling is the process of training a neural network to predict human or AI preferences over model outputs, providing a scalable reward signal for reinforcement learning-based alignment of language models.
Semantic Search
Semantic search is a search paradigm that retrieves results based on the meaning and intent of a query rather than exact keyword matches, using vector embeddings to measure conceptual similarity between text.
Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis is a natural language processing technique that automatically identifies and classifies the emotional tone of text as positive, negative, or neutral, and is widely used in customer feedback, social media monitoring, and financial analysis.
Speech Recognition
Speech recognition, or automatic speech recognition (ASR), is the technology that enables computers to identify and transcribe spoken language into text using acoustic models, language models, and deep learning architectures.
Structured Outputs
A capability that forces a language model to return responses that conform exactly to a specified format such as a JSON schema, making model output reliable for software pipelines.
Text Summarisation
Text summarisation is the natural language processing task of producing a shorter version of a document that preserves its key information, using extractive or abstractive techniques.
Text-to-Speech
Text-to-speech is the technology that converts written text into synthesised spoken audio using rule-based, concatenative, or neural network methods.
Time Series Forecasting
Time series forecasting is the application of statistical and machine learning methods to predict future values of a sequence of observations indexed in time, such as sales, demand, electricity load, or financial prices.
Tool Use
Tool use in AI refers to the capability of language models to invoke external functions, APIs, or services to retrieve information, perform actions, or extend their abilities beyond text generation.
Tree of Thoughts
Tree of Thoughts (ToT) is a prompting framework that lets large language models explore and evaluate multiple intermediate reasoning paths in a branching search, improving performance on tasks requiring planning.
Vibe Coding
Vibe coding is an AI-assisted software development practice in which a developer describes intent in natural language and a large language model generates the code, with the human guiding and testing rather than writing it directly.
Voice Cloning
Voice cloning is the use of artificial intelligence to create a synthetic replica of a person's voice from a short audio sample, enabling new speech in that voice — a capability powering dubbing and accessibility tools, and increasingly linked to impersonation fraud.
Wan (Video Generation Model)
Wan is a family of generative video models developed by Alibaba that produces short video clips from text or image prompts, notable for being released under open-source licences and runnable on consumer hardware.
Whisper
Whisper is an open-source automatic speech recognition system developed by OpenAI, trained on 680,000 hours of multilingual audio data and capable of transcription, translation, and language identification across nearly 100 languages.
YOLO (You Only Look Once)
YOLO is a family of real-time object detection models that frame detection as a single regression problem, predicting bounding boxes and class probabilities directly from an image in one network pass.