Search Results
223 results for “AI”
Adversarial Machine Learning
Adversarial machine learning is the study of attacks that exploit weaknesses in machine learning models, such as crafted inputs that cause misclassification, and of the defences designed to make models more robust.
Agentic AI
Agentic AI refers to artificial intelligence systems designed to pursue goals autonomously over extended time horizons by perceiving their environment, reasoning about actions, executing multi-step plans, and learning from outcomes without requiring continuous human instruction.
Agentic RAG
Agentic RAG is an approach to retrieval-augmented generation in which autonomous AI agents dynamically decide when, what, and how to retrieve information, applying planning, reflection, and tool use rather than following a fixed retrieve-then-generate pipeline.
AI Agents
Autonomous AI systems that perceive their environment, reason over goals, select and execute actions using external tools, and operate across multi-step tasks with minimal human intervention.
AI Alignment
AI alignment is the field of research dedicated to ensuring that artificial intelligence systems pursue goals, values, and behaviours that are consistent with human intentions.
AI Automation
AI automation combines artificial intelligence with robotic process automation and workflow orchestration to eliminate repetitive tasks, reduce errors, and free human workers for higher-value work.
AI Benchmarking
The systematic evaluation of AI systems using standardised datasets, tasks, and metrics to measure capability, compare models, and track progress across research and deployment contexts.
AI Bias
Systematic and unfair discrimination introduced into artificial intelligence systems through biased training data, flawed model design, or problematic deployment decisions, leading to unequal outcomes across demographic groups or categories.
AI Data Centres in Malaysia
AI data centres in Malaysia are large-scale computing facilities optimised for artificial intelligence training and inference, concentrated in Johor and the Klang Valley, that have made the country one of Southeast Asia's fastest-growing markets for AI infrastructure.
AI Drug Discovery
AI drug discovery applies machine learning, deep learning, and generative modelling to accelerate the identification, design, and optimisation of therapeutic compounds across the pharmaceutical pipeline.
AI Ethics
AI ethics is the branch of applied ethics addressing the moral dimensions of designing, deploying, and governing artificial intelligence systems — covering fairness, accountability, transparency, privacy, and safety.
AI Guardrails
AI guardrails are runtime safety mechanisms that validate, filter, and enforce policies on large language model inputs and outputs in production systems, preventing harmful content, data leakage, prompt injection, and off-topic behaviour.
AI in Islamic Finance Malaysia
AI in Islamic finance Malaysia refers to the application of artificial intelligence technologies — including machine learning, natural language processing, and generative AI — to Shariah-compliant financial products, institutions, and regulatory processes in Malaysia.
AI in Malaysian Agriculture
Artificial intelligence is transforming Malaysia's agricultural sector through precision farming, drone monitoring, yield prediction, and supply chain optimisation, with applications spanning palm oil, paddy, rubber, and aquaculture industries.
AI in Malaysian Banking
An overview of artificial intelligence adoption in Malaysian banks, covering fraud detection, customer service automation, credit decisioning, and the regulatory framework set by Bank Negara Malaysia.
AI in Malaysian Education
The adoption of artificial intelligence in Malaysia's education system spans school-level personalised learning, university AI programmes, educator upskilling, and government-led digital transformation initiatives under the MyDigital Blueprint.
AI in Malaysian Healthcare
The deployment of artificial intelligence across Malaysia's public and private healthcare systems for diagnostics, hospital operations, drug development, and population health, governed by Ministry of Health policy and PDPA requirements.
AI in Malaysian Legal Industry
AI in Malaysia's legal industry encompasses the adoption of machine learning, natural language processing, and generative AI tools by law firms, the judiciary, and legal service providers to automate research, drafting, and compliance tasks.
AI in Malaysian Logistics
AI in Malaysian logistics encompasses the application of artificial intelligence to freight forwarding, port operations, last-mile delivery, supply chain optimisation, and customs management across Malaysia's transport network.
AI in Malaysian Manufacturing
Artificial intelligence adoption in Malaysian manufacturing covers predictive maintenance, computer vision quality control, demand forecasting, and supply-chain optimisation across the electronics, automotive, and food sectors.
AI in Malaysian Retail
AI in Malaysian retail encompasses the deployment of machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing across Malaysia's retail sector, including e-commerce platforms, brick-and-mortar stores, and omnichannel retail operations.
AI in Malaysian Telecommunications
The application of artificial intelligence by Malaysian telecommunications operators to optimise network operations, improve customer experience, detect fraud, and enable enterprise 5G and AI services.
AI in the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
The application of artificial intelligence, computer vision, robotics, and predictive analytics to oil palm cultivation, harvesting, milling, and supply chain traceability in Malaysia.
AI Literacy
AI literacy is the set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enable individuals to understand, evaluate, and use artificial intelligence tools effectively and responsibly in personal, professional, and civic contexts.
AI Memory
AI memory refers to the mechanisms that allow artificial intelligence agents to retain, retrieve, and use information across interactions, extending capability beyond a single context window.
AI Music Generation
AI music generation is the use of machine learning models to compose, arrange, or produce music from text prompts or other inputs, spanning full songs with vocals, instrumental tracks, and sound design.
AI PC
A personal computer equipped with a dedicated Neural Processing Unit (NPU) designed to accelerate on-device artificial intelligence workloads locally, without requiring cloud connectivity, for tasks such as image generation, speech recognition, and language model inference.
AI Planning
AI planning is the discipline of automatically generating a sequence of actions that an intelligent agent can execute to move from an initial state to a goal, increasingly used inside LLM-based agents to decompose and reason about complex tasks.
AI Red Teaming
A structured adversarial evaluation practice in which testers attempt to elicit harmful, unsafe, or policy-violating behaviour from AI systems in order to surface risks before deployment.
AI Regulation in Malaysia
An overview of the Malaysian regulatory landscape governing artificial intelligence — covering PDPA, sectoral guidelines, national AI policy, and Malaysia's approach to the global AI governance debate.
AI Safety
AI safety is a field of research and practice concerned with the development of artificial intelligence systems that behave reliably, avoid harmful outputs, and remain aligned with human values, especially as systems become more capable.
AI Singapore
AI Singapore (AISG) is a national programme launched in 2017 to build Singapore's artificial intelligence ecosystem through research, talent development, and industry adoption, hosted by the National University of Singapore.
AI Thailand
AI Thailand refers to Thailand's national strategy, government programmes, and regulatory framework for developing and deploying artificial intelligence, as articulated in the National AI Strategy and Action Plan covering 2022 to 2027.
AI Video Generation
AI video generation refers to the automated creation of video content from text prompts, images, or other inputs using generative neural networks, enabling synthetic video production without cameras or traditional animation.
AI Watermarking
AI watermarking refers to techniques for embedding detectable signals into AI-generated content to establish provenance, enable detection, and support content authenticity verification across images, audio, video, and text.
AI21 Labs
An Israeli artificial intelligence company founded in 2017 that develops large language models, including the Jurassic and Jamba families, and enterprise agentic platforms such as Maestro.
AlphaFold
AlphaFold is an AI system developed by Google DeepMind that predicts the three-dimensional structure of proteins from their amino acid sequences, achieving accuracy comparable to experimental methods.
Amazon Bedrock
Amazon Bedrock is a fully managed AWS service that provides enterprise-grade access to over 100 foundation models from leading AI providers through a unified API, enabling organisations to build, customise, and scale generative AI applications without managing infrastructure.
Amazon SageMaker
Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed cloud platform from AWS that provides an integrated environment for building, training, and deploying machine learning models at scale, incorporating tools for data preparation, model development, MLOps, and generative AI.
Anthropic
Anthropic is an American AI safety company and large language model developer founded in 2021 by former OpenAI researchers, best known for developing the Claude family of AI assistants and the Constitutional AI alignment technique.
Arize AI
Arize AI is an American ML observability and LLM evaluation platform that helps teams monitor, debug, and improve artificial intelligence models in production, offering both open-source and enterprise-grade tooling.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems, encompassing learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding.
ASEAN AI Governance
ASEAN AI governance refers to the regional frameworks, guidelines, and policy initiatives adopted by Southeast Asian nations to promote responsible, trustworthy, and interoperable artificial intelligence development and deployment.
Autoencoder
An autoencoder is a type of artificial neural network trained to reconstruct its input through a compressed internal representation, used for dimensionality reduction, feature learning, and anomaly detection.
AutoGen
AutoGen is an open-source multi-agent conversation framework developed by Microsoft Research that enables developers to build LLM applications where multiple AI agents communicate with each other to accomplish complex tasks collaboratively.
Autonomous Agents
Autonomous AI agents are software systems that use large language models as a reasoning core, enabling them to plan multi-step tasks, use external tools, maintain memory, and take actions to achieve goals with minimal human intervention.
Azure AI
Azure AI is Microsoft's integrated portfolio of artificial intelligence services hosted on the Azure cloud platform, encompassing pre-built cognitive APIs, a managed machine learning platform, large language model access, and enterprise AI development tools.
Backpropagation
Backpropagation is the primary algorithm for training neural networks, computing gradients of a loss function with respect to each weight by applying the chain rule of calculus in reverse through the network layers.
Batch Normalisation
Batch normalisation is a deep learning technique that normalises the activations of each layer within a mini-batch to accelerate training and improve model stability.
Bayesian Inference
Bayesian inference is a statistical method that uses Bayes' theorem to update the probability of a hypothesis as new evidence becomes available, providing a principled framework for reasoning under uncertainty.
BERT
BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a pre-trained transformer-based language model developed by Google that reads text bidirectionally to understand word context in natural language tasks.
BNM AI Guidelines
Bank Negara Malaysia's AI guidelines provide a regulatory framework governing the responsible adoption of artificial intelligence in Malaysia's financial sector, covering risk management, governance, and accountability requirements for licensed institutions.
Canary Deployment
Canary deployment is a progressive model release strategy in which a new version is exposed to a small subset of production traffic, allowing teams to validate performance and catch failures before a full rollout.
Causal AI
Causal AI is an approach to artificial intelligence that incorporates causal reasoning into machine learning models, enabling them to go beyond correlation-based prediction to answer questions about interventions and counterfactual outcomes.
Chain-of-Thought Prompting
A prompt engineering technique that improves large language model reasoning on complex tasks by instructing the model to generate explicit intermediate reasoning steps before arriving at a final answer.
Chatbot
A chatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation through text or voice, ranging from simple rule-based systems to sophisticated AI assistants powered by large language models.
ChatGLM
A family of open-source bilingual (Chinese-English) large language models developed by Zhipu AI and Tsinghua University, known for strong reasoning capabilities, large context windows, and enterprise-grade open-weight releases under MIT licensing.
Claude (Language Model)
A family of large language models developed by Anthropic, designed with a focus on safety, helpfulness, and Constitutional AI training methods for enterprise and consumer use.
CLIP
CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a multimodal neural network model developed by OpenAI that learns visual concepts from natural language descriptions by jointly training an image encoder and a text encoder on 400 million image-text pairs.
Code Generation
AI code generation is the use of large language models to automatically produce, complete, or transform source code from natural language descriptions, enabling assisted and autonomous software development.
Cohere
Cohere is a Canadian AI company specialising in enterprise large language models, offering Command, Embed, and Rerank model families alongside secure deployment infrastructure designed for regulated industries.
Constitutional AI
Constitutional AI is an alignment method developed by Anthropic that trains language models to follow a set of written ethical principles by using the model itself to critique and revise its own outputs, reducing dependence on human feedback for harmlessness.
Contrastive Learning
Contrastive learning is a self-supervised machine learning paradigm that trains models to produce similar representations for related data pairs and dissimilar representations for unrelated pairs, enabling powerful feature learning without labelled data.
Core ML
Core ML is Apple's on-device machine learning framework that enables iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS applications to integrate pre-trained models for tasks including image classification, natural language processing, and sound analysis.
CrewAI
CrewAI is an open-source Python framework for orchestrating multiple AI agents in role-based collaborative workflows, enabling teams of specialised agents to tackle complex tasks through structured coordination and communication.
Cross-Entropy Loss
Cross-entropy loss is the standard objective function for training classification models, measuring the divergence between a predicted probability distribution and the true distribution of labels.
Cyberjaya
A planned technology city in Selangor, Malaysia, forming the nucleus of the Multimedia Super Corridor and home to MDEC, AI research initiatives, and a growing cluster of AI-ready data centres.
CyberSecurity Malaysia
CyberSecurity Malaysia is the national cyber security specialist agency under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, responsible for incident response, digital forensics, certification, and capacity building, including emerging risks from artificial intelligence.
DALL-E
DALL-E is a series of text-to-image generative AI models developed by OpenAI that create photorealistic and artistic images from natural language prompts using diffusion and language-vision alignment techniques.
Data Augmentation
A set of techniques that expand a training dataset by creating modified copies of existing examples, helping deep learning models generalise better and reducing overfitting.
Data Labelling
Data labelling is the process of attaching meaningful tags, classes, or annotations to raw data so that supervised machine learning models can learn to predict those labels on unseen examples.
DataOps
DataOps is an engineering methodology that applies agile, DevOps, and lean manufacturing principles to data pipelines, aiming for rapid, reliable, and repeatable delivery of analytics and machine learning data.
DataRobot
An American enterprise AI platform company that provides automated machine learning, model deployment, monitoring, and generative AI tools, headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that uses multi-layered artificial neural networks to learn hierarchical representations from data, enabling state-of-the-art performance across vision, language, and speech tasks.
DeepSeek
A Chinese artificial intelligence company founded in 2023, known for developing open-source large language models including DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3 that achieved performance competitive with leading Western AI systems.
DeepSpeed
DeepSpeed is an open-source deep learning optimisation library developed by Microsoft that enables efficient distributed training and inference of large-scale neural networks through memory and compute optimisations.
Diffusion Model
A class of generative AI models that learn to reverse a gradual noise-addition process, enabling the generation of high-quality images, audio, and video from random noise guided by text or other conditioning signals.
Direct Preference Optimization
Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a stable, computationally efficient algorithm for aligning large language models with human preferences by directly optimising a policy from comparison data, without training a separate reward model or using reinforcement learning.
Domain Adaptation
Domain adaptation is a machine learning technique that transfers a model trained on a labelled source domain to perform effectively on a related but distinct target domain with limited or no labelled target data, addressing distribution shift between domains.
Doubao
A suite of large language models and consumer AI assistant developed by ByteDance, the parent company of TikTok, reaching 159 million monthly active users and embedded across ByteDance's content, social, and device ecosystems.
Dropout
A regularisation technique in deep learning that randomly deactivates neurons during training, preventing co-adaptation and improving generalisation. Introduced by Hinton and colleagues in 2012 and formalised in 2014.
Edge AI
Edge AI is the deployment of artificial intelligence algorithms and inference workloads directly on local devices or edge computing nodes rather than in centralised cloud data centres, enabling low-latency, privacy-preserving, and bandwidth-efficient AI applications.
ElevenLabs
ElevenLabs is an AI audio research and deployment company founded in 2022 that develops text-to-speech, voice cloning, dubbing, and conversational voice agent technologies based on proprietary deep learning models.
ERNIE Bot
A large language model and conversational AI assistant developed by Baidu, built on the ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration) foundation model series and integrated across Baidu's search, cloud, and enterprise platforms.
EU AI Act
The EU AI Act is the world's first comprehensive legal framework regulating artificial intelligence, classifying AI systems by risk level and imposing obligations on developers and deployers operating in the European Union.
Explainable AI
Explainable AI (XAI) refers to methods and techniques that make the decisions and predictions of artificial intelligence systems interpretable and understandable to human users, addressing the opacity of complex machine learning models.
FAISS
FAISS (Facebook AI Similarity Search) is an open-source library developed by Meta AI for efficient similarity search and clustering of dense vectors at scale, enabling fast nearest-neighbour retrieval across millions or billions of embeddings.
Feature Store
A centralised data platform for storing, serving, and managing machine learning features so that they can be reused consistently across training and online inference.
Federated Learning
Federated learning is a machine learning paradigm in which a model is trained across multiple decentralised devices or servers holding local data, without exchanging the raw data itself, preserving privacy while enabling collaborative model improvement.
Few-Shot Learning
Few-shot learning is a machine learning paradigm in which a model learns to perform new tasks or recognise new classes from only a small number of labelled training examples, often just one to five samples per class.
Fine-Tuning
The process of further training a pre-trained machine learning model on a smaller, task-specific dataset to adapt its weights for a particular domain, task, or desired behaviour.
Foundation Model
A large-scale AI model pretrained on broad, diverse datasets and designed to be adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks through fine-tuning, prompting, or retrieval augmentation.
Fraud Detection
Fraud detection is the application of data analysis, machine learning, and AI to identify deceptive or unauthorised transactions, activities, and behaviours in financial, digital, and commercial systems.
Gaussian Process
A non-parametric Bayesian model that defines a distribution over functions, widely used in regression, optimisation, and uncertainty quantification.
Gemini
Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models developed by Google DeepMind, designed to natively process and generate text, code, images, audio, and video across a range of model sizes.
Gemma
Gemma is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Google DeepMind, built on similar technology to the Gemini series and available for deployment on hardware ranging from laptops to cloud infrastructure.
Generative Adversarial Network
A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a class of machine learning framework in which two neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, compete against each other to produce synthetic data indistinguishable from real examples.
Generative AI
Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence systems capable of producing new content — text, images, audio, video, or code — by learning the underlying distribution of training data.
Google DeepMind
Google DeepMind is an AI research laboratory owned by Alphabet Inc., formed in 2023 by the merger of Google Brain and DeepMind, and responsible for developing foundational AI systems including the Gemini family of models, AlphaFold, and AlphaGo.
Google Vertex AI
Google Vertex AI is a unified machine learning platform on Google Cloud that consolidates data preparation, model training, deployment, and monitoring for both custom-built models and Google's foundation models including Gemini.
GPT-4
GPT-4 is a large multimodal language model developed by OpenAI, released in March 2023, that accepts both image and text inputs and demonstrates human-level performance on numerous professional and academic benchmarks.
GPU Cluster
A GPU cluster is a networked group of servers, each containing one or more graphics processing units, purpose-built to accelerate parallel computation workloads such as deep learning training and large-scale AI inference.
Gradient Descent
Gradient descent is an iterative optimisation algorithm that minimises a loss function by repeatedly updating model parameters in the direction of the steepest descent, as defined by the negative gradient.
Green AI
Green AI is an approach to artificial intelligence that prioritises energy efficiency and environmental sustainability across the model lifecycle, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint, power, and water consumption of training and inference.
Grok
Grok is a series of large language models developed by xAI, Elon Musk's AI company, featuring real-time web integration, advanced reasoning modes, and deep tool-use capabilities.
Groq
Groq is an American AI inference company that developed the Language Processing Unit (LPU), a custom silicon architecture optimised for high-throughput, low-latency inference of large language models using on-chip SRAM rather than external DRAM.
Hallucination (AI)
A phenomenon in which an artificial intelligence system generates output that is factually incorrect, fabricated, or unsupported by its input, while presenting it with apparent confidence.
Helicone
Helicone is an open-source LLM observability and gateway platform that enables developers to monitor, debug, and optimise large language model applications in production with minimal integration effort.
HRD Corp AI Training in Malaysia
HRD Corp, the Human Resource Development Corporation of Malaysia, funds employer-sponsored training in artificial intelligence, data science, and digital skills through a statutory levy collected from registered Malaysian employers.
Hugging Face
An American AI company and open-source platform that hosts machine learning models, datasets, and applications, widely described as the "GitHub of machine learning" for its role as the central repository of the open AI community.
Hunyuan
A family of large language models developed by Tencent, integrated across WeChat, QQ, and Tencent Cloud, offering multimodal capabilities including text, image, video, voice, and 3D generation through a unified omni-modal architecture.
IBM watsonx
IBM's enterprise AI and data platform, comprising watsonx.ai for model development, watsonx.data as an open lakehouse, and watsonx.governance for AI risk and compliance management.
ILMU (Malaysian Large Language Model)
ILMU is Malaysia's first homegrown multimodal large language model, developed by YTL AI Labs to understand and generate Bahasa Melayu, Manglish and regional dialects across text, voice and vision.
Inference (Machine Learning)
Inference is the phase in which a trained machine learning model is used to generate predictions or outputs from new input data, distinct from the earlier training phase.
Instruction Tuning
Instruction tuning is a supervised fine-tuning technique that trains large language models on datasets of instruction-response pairs, enabling models to follow natural language directions and generalise to unseen tasks in a zero-shot or few-shot setting.
JAX
JAX is an open-source numerical computing library from Google that combines NumPy-style array programming with automatic differentiation and just-in-time compilation, used to train large-scale machine learning models on GPUs and TPUs.
Kimi
A conversational AI assistant and long-context large language model developed by Moonshot AI, a Beijing startup, known for its industry-leading context window lengths and strong performance on agentic reasoning tasks.
Kling AI
A family of generative AI video models developed by Kuaishou Technology in China, capable of producing photorealistic short-form video with synchronised audio from text or image prompts.
Knowledge Distillation
Knowledge distillation is a model compression technique in which a smaller student neural network is trained to replicate the behaviour of a larger, more capable teacher model, enabling deployment of efficient models that approximate teacher-level performance.
Knowledge Graph
A structured knowledge representation that encodes entities and their relationships as a directed labelled graph, enabling machines to reason over interconnected facts across diverse domains.
Labelbox
Labelbox is an American AI data labeling and model evaluation platform that enables organisations to annotate training datasets, manage labeling workflows, and curate high-quality data for machine learning development.
LangChain
LangChain is an open-source framework for building applications powered by large language models, providing composable abstractions for chaining LLM calls with tools, memory, and data retrieval in Python and JavaScript.
LangGraph
LangGraph is an open-source framework for building stateful, multi-actor AI agent applications using graph-based workflows, extending the LangChain ecosystem with cycle-capable execution and persistent state management.
LangSmith
LangSmith is an observability, tracing, and evaluation platform from LangChain for debugging, monitoring, and continuously improving large language model and AI agent applications in production.
Large Language Models
Large language models (LLMs) are AI systems trained on vast corpora of text to predict and generate natural language. They underpin modern chatbots, code assistants, and generative AI applications.
Layer Normalisation
Layer normalisation is a technique that normalises the inputs across the features of a single training example, stabilising and accelerating the training of deep neural networks, especially transformers.
Llama
Llama is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Meta AI, released under a permissive licence that allows researchers and developers to freely download, fine-tune, and deploy the models for both research and commercial use.
LlamaIndex
LlamaIndex is an open-source Python and TypeScript framework for building retrieval-augmented and agentic AI applications over private data sources.
LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)
LoRA is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning technique that adapts large pre-trained models by injecting small trainable low-rank matrices into transformer layers, drastically reducing the number of trainable parameters without sacrificing performance.
Malaysia AI Governance Framework
The Malaysia AI Governance Framework is a national set of guidelines, standards, and forthcoming legislation that defines responsible AI development and deployment in Malaysia.
Malaysia AI Talent
Malaysia AI talent refers to the workforce of AI engineers, data scientists, ML practitioners, and researchers in Malaysia, along with the government and industry initiatives aimed at developing and attracting AI expertise to meet the demands of the digital economy.
MaLLaM (Malaysia Large Language Model)
MaLLaM is a family of large language models developed by Malaysian startup Mesolitica, pretrained from scratch on Malay-language data to understand Malaysian dialects, colloquialisms, and regional languages.
MDEC — Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation
MDEC (Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation) is the Malaysian government agency tasked with driving the country's digital economy — including AI adoption, digital talent development, and tech-sector FDI.
Meta AI
Meta AI is the artificial intelligence research division and product brand of Meta Platforms, responsible for the Llama family of open-weight language models and integrated AI assistants across Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger.
Microsoft Copilot
Microsoft Copilot is an AI-powered assistant integrated across Microsoft's product ecosystem — including Windows, Microsoft 365, Edge, and Azure — using large language models to assist with writing, coding, data analysis, and task automation.
Midjourney
An independent AI research lab and image generation service that produces images and video from natural-language text prompts, accessible primarily through Discord and a web application.
MIMOS Berhad
MIMOS Berhad is Malaysia's national applied research and development centre under MOSTI, advancing technology platforms in artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and quantum computing.
MiniMax
A Chinese AI company and model developer known for the MiniMax-M1 and M2 large language models featuring ultra-long context windows of up to 4 million tokens, strong agentic performance, and open MIT-licensed releases.
Mistral AI
Mistral AI is a French artificial intelligence company founded in 2023 that develops and releases open-weight and proprietary large language models, notable for its competitive performance-to-efficiency ratio and commitment to open-source distribution.
Mixtral
Mixtral is a family of open-weight sparse mixture-of-experts large language models developed by Mistral AI, comprising Mixtral 8x7B and Mixtral 8x22B, released under the Apache 2.0 licence.
Model Cards
Model cards are structured documentation sheets accompanying machine learning models that disclose intended uses, performance characteristics, training data, limitations, and ethical considerations.
Model Compression
Model compression is a set of techniques that reduce the size, memory footprint, and computational cost of machine learning models while preserving predictive accuracy, enabling deployment on resource-constrained hardware.
Model Context Protocol
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open standard introduced by Anthropic in 2024 that defines a universal interface for connecting large language models to external tools, data sources, and services.
Model Registry
A model registry is a centralised system that catalogues, versions, and governs trained machine learning models throughout their lifecycle, supporting reproducibility, deployment, and compliance.
Model Serving
Model serving is the discipline of deploying trained machine learning models behind APIs or runtimes so that production applications can request predictions at scale with predictable latency, throughput, and reliability.
Monte Carlo Methods
A broad class of computational algorithms that use repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results, widely used in machine learning for Bayesian inference, reinforcement learning, and uncertainty estimation.
Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-agent systems in AI are architectures in which multiple autonomous AI agents, each with specialised capabilities, collaborate through communication and coordination to complete complex tasks that exceed the capability of any single agent.
Multi-Task Learning
Multi-task learning is a machine learning approach in which a model is trained simultaneously on multiple related tasks, using shared representations to improve generalisation and data efficiency compared to training separate single-task models.
Multimodal AI
Artificial intelligence systems that can process, understand, and generate information across multiple data types simultaneously, including text, images, audio, video, and other modalities.
MyCC and AI Competition Law in Malaysia
An overview of the Malaysia Competition Commission's role in regulating AI-driven digital markets, including its 2025 market review of the digital economy under the Competition Act 2010.
MyDigital Blueprint
The Malaysia Digital Economy Blueprint, known as MyDIGITAL, is Malaysias national strategy to transform the country into a digitally driven, high-income economy by 2030, with AI as a core enabler.
National AI Office Malaysia
The National AI Office (NAIO) is a Malaysian government body established in 2024 to coordinate national artificial intelligence policy, governance, talent development, and adoption across public and private sectors.
National AI Roadmap Malaysia (AI-RMAP 2021–2025)
Malaysia's first comprehensive national strategy for artificial intelligence, adopted in December 2021 and led by MOSTI with MDEC as implementation partner, aiming to position Malaysia among the top 20 nations in AI government readiness by 2025.
National Cyber Security Agency (NACSA)
The Malaysian federal agency responsible for coordinating national-level cyber security policy, protecting Critical National Information Infrastructure, and shaping the country's response to emerging threats including artificial intelligence and AI-enabled attacks.
Natural Language Generation
Natural Language Generation (NLG) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that automatically produces human-readable text from structured data, semantic representations, or other machine-readable inputs.
Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the subfield of AI concerned with enabling computers to understand, interpret, manipulate, and generate human language in both text and speech form.
Neptune.ai
Neptune.ai was an MLOps experiment tracking and metadata management platform that provided data science teams with tools to log, compare, and reproduce machine learning experiments at scale; the company was acquired by OpenAI in 2025.
Neural Architecture Search
Neural architecture search is the automated design of neural network architectures using search algorithms, reinforcement learning, or gradient-based methods to discover models that meet target accuracy, latency, and size constraints.
Neural Network
A neural network is a computational model inspired by biological brains, composed of interconnected layers of nodes that learn patterns from data through weighted connections.
Neural Scaling Laws
Neural scaling laws are empirical relationships describing how the performance of neural networks improves predictably as a function of model size, dataset size, and compute budget, enabling principled resource allocation for AI training.
Neuro-symbolic AI
Neuro-symbolic AI is a hybrid artificial intelligence paradigm that combines neural network-based learning with symbolic reasoning, integrating the pattern recognition strengths of deep learning with the structured reasoning and interpretability of symbolic methods.
NVIDIA
An American technology company and the world's dominant supplier of graphics processing units (GPUs) for artificial intelligence training and inference, responsible for the CUDA parallel computing platform and a broad ecosystem of AI hardware and software.
NVIDIA Blackwell
NVIDIA Blackwell is a GPU architecture introduced in 2024 for AI training and inference, featuring dual-die GPUs, FP4 precision, and the GB200 Grace Blackwell Superchip and NVL72 rack-scale systems for trillion-parameter models.
OpenAI
An American artificial intelligence research organisation and technology company, founded in 2015, known for developing the GPT series of language models and the ChatGPT conversational AI platform.
OpenVINO
OpenVINO is an open-source toolkit developed by Intel for optimising and deploying deep learning inference across Intel hardware, including CPUs, GPUs, Neural Processing Units, and FPGAs, with broad support for major AI frameworks and model formats.
Optical Character Recognition
A computer vision technology that converts images of typed, handwritten, or printed text into machine-readable digital text, increasingly powered by deep learning and transformer-based vision models.
Overfitting
Overfitting is a modelling error in machine learning where a model learns the training data too closely, including its noise, and consequently performs poorly on new, unseen data.
Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
A family of techniques that adapts a pretrained language or vision model to a downstream task by training only a small fraction of its parameters, dramatically reducing compute, memory, and storage requirements compared to full fine-tuning.
PDPA AI Compliance
PDPA AI compliance refers to the application of Malaysia's Personal Data Protection Act 2010 to artificial intelligence systems, governing how personal data may be collected, processed, and used in AI training, inference, and deployment.
Perplexity AI
Perplexity AI is an American AI company that operates an answer engine combining real-time web search with large language model synthesis, providing cited, conversational responses to user queries.
Physical AI
Physical AI is artificial intelligence that perceives, reasons about, and acts upon the physical world through embodied systems such as robots, autonomous vehicles, and automated facilities, bridging digital intelligence and real-world action.
Pika Labs
A United States-based artificial intelligence startup founded in 2023 that develops the Pika text-to-video and image-to-video generation models, competing with Runway and OpenAI's Sora in the AI video generation market.
Pinecone
Pinecone is a managed, cloud-native vector database designed for storing high-dimensional embeddings and serving low-latency similarity search for retrieval-augmented AI applications.
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance is the use of sensor data, statistical modelling, and machine learning to forecast equipment failures before they occur, enabling repairs to be scheduled precisely when needed.
Prompt Engineering
The practice of designing and optimising input instructions given to large language models to elicit accurate, relevant, and well-structured outputs for a given task or application.
Proximal Policy Optimization
A reinforcement learning algorithm developed by OpenAI that stabilises policy gradient training by constraining the size of policy updates, widely used for fine-tuning large language models through RLHF.
PyTorch
PyTorch is an open-source machine learning framework, originally developed by Meta AI, that provides tensor computation with GPU acceleration and a dynamic computational graph for building and training deep neural networks.
Quantisation
Quantisation is a model compression technique that reduces the numerical precision of a neural network's weights and activations from high-bit floating-point formats to lower-bit representations, decreasing memory usage and accelerating inference with minimal accuracy loss.
ReAct (Reasoning and Acting)
ReAct is a prompting framework that interleaves reasoning traces with task actions, letting a language model plan, call external tools, and incorporate observations to solve problems more reliably.
Reasoning Models
Reasoning models are large language models trained to generate extended internal deliberation before producing a final answer, using test-time compute to improve accuracy on complex tasks such as mathematics, coding, and multi-step logic.
Regularisation (Machine Learning)
Regularisation is a collection of techniques in machine learning that constrain models during training to reduce overfitting and improve generalisation to unseen data.
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback
Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) is an alignment technique in which an AI model provides preference labels to train a reward model, replacing or supplementing expensive human annotation used in RLHF.
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
A machine learning technique that trains a reward model from human preference data and uses it to align large language models with human values, safety requirements, and intended behaviour through reinforcement learning.
Residual Network
A deep convolutional neural network architecture introduced by Microsoft Research in 2015 that uses skip connections to enable training of very deep networks, winning the ImageNet challenge with a top-5 error rate of 3.57%.
Responsible AI
A framework of principles and practices that guide the development and deployment of artificial intelligence systems to ensure they are safe, fair, transparent, accountable, and aligned with human values.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation
A technique that enhances large language model outputs by retrieving relevant documents from an external knowledge base at inference time, grounding responses in up-to-date and domain-specific information.
Reward Modeling
Reward modeling is the process of training a neural network to predict human or AI preferences over model outputs, providing a scalable reward signal for reinforcement learning-based alignment of language models.
Runway ML
Runway is a generative artificial intelligence company that develops video generation and editing models, best known for its Gen-series text-to-video systems used in filmmaking and content creation.
Salesforce Einstein
Salesforce Einstein is an integrated artificial intelligence platform embedded across the Salesforce CRM ecosystem, providing predictive analytics, generative AI, and autonomous agents for sales, service, marketing, and commerce workflows.
SC Malaysia Fintech
The Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) regulates capital market fintech activities including digital assets, robo-advisory, equity crowdfunding, and AI-driven investment services through a framework of licensing, regulatory sandboxes, and guidelines.
Scale AI
An American data labelling, evaluation, and AI infrastructure company that supplies training data and evaluation services to leading AI laboratories, autonomous vehicle developers, and government agencies.
SEA-LION
SEA-LION (Southeast Asian Languages In One Network) is an open-source family of large language models developed by AI Singapore to serve the languages and cultures of Southeast Asia.
Segment Anything Model
The Segment Anything Model (SAM) is a foundation model from Meta AI for promptable image and video segmentation, able to isolate any object from a click, box, or mask with strong zero-shot generalisation.
Self-Supervised Learning
A machine learning training paradigm in which a model generates its own supervisory signal from unlabelled data by solving pretext tasks, learning rich representations without human-annotated labels.
ServiceNow AI
ServiceNow AI is the artificial intelligence layer embedded in the ServiceNow platform, providing predictive analytics, generative AI, and autonomous agents for IT service management, enterprise workflow automation, and cross-functional business operations.
Small Language Models
Small language models (SLMs) are compact language models with fewer than around 10 billion parameters, designed for efficient deployment on edge devices, mobile hardware, and resource-constrained environments.
Sora
Sora is a text-to-video generative AI model developed by OpenAI that produces short, high-fidelity video clips with synchronised audio from natural-language prompts.
Sovereign AI
Sovereign AI is the capacity of a nation to develop, deploy, and govern artificial intelligence using its own infrastructure, data, talent, and models, ensuring strategic autonomy and alignment with domestic laws and values.
Spark
A large language model developed by iFlyTek, a Chinese AI company specialising in speech recognition and natural language processing, notable for its multilingual capabilities covering over 130 languages including Malay and other ASEAN languages.
Sparse Autoencoder
A sparse autoencoder is a type of autoencoder trained with a sparsity constraint that forces most neurons in the hidden layer to be inactive for any given input, producing a disentangled, interpretable feature decomposition.
Speculative Decoding
Speculative decoding is an inference acceleration technique that uses a small draft model to propose multiple candidate tokens that a larger target model then verifies in parallel, achieving 2-4x throughput gains without changing output quality.
Speech Recognition
Speech recognition, or automatic speech recognition (ASR), is the technology that enables computers to identify and transcribe spoken language into text using acoustic models, language models, and deep learning architectures.
Stability AI
A British artificial intelligence company best known for developing and releasing Stable Diffusion, an open-weight text-to-image generative model, and a family of related image, video, audio, and 3D models.
Stable Diffusion
Stable Diffusion is an open-source latent diffusion model developed by Stability AI that generates high-quality images from text prompts, running efficiently on consumer-grade hardware.
Support Vector Machine
A support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm that finds the optimal hyperplane separating data points of different classes by maximising the margin between the boundary and the nearest training examples.
Synthetic Data
Synthetic data is artificially generated data that mimics the statistical properties of real datasets, created using generative AI or simulations to train machine learning models without exposing sensitive personal information.
TechCity KL
TechCity KL is a technology and innovation district initiative in Kuala Lumpur designed to attract technology companies, AI startups, and multinational regional headquarters to a dedicated urban precinct within the Malaysian capital.
Tensor Processing Unit
A tensor processing unit (TPU) is a custom application-specific integrated circuit developed by Google for accelerating machine learning workloads, particularly neural network training and inference.
TensorFlow
TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning platform developed by Google that supports the full lifecycle of building, training, and deploying models across servers, mobile devices, browsers, and edge hardware.
TensorFlow Lite
TensorFlow Lite is an open-source deep learning framework from Google for running optimised machine learning models on mobile phones, microcontrollers, and other edge devices.
Text-to-Speech
Text-to-speech is the technology that converts written text into synthesised spoken audio using rule-based, concatenative, or neural network methods.
TinyML
TinyML is a field of machine learning focused on running machine learning models on microcontrollers and other resource-constrained edge devices that typically operate with milliwatts of power and kilobytes of memory.
Tool Use
Tool use in AI refers to the capability of language models to invoke external functions, APIs, or services to retrieve information, perform actions, or extend their abilities beyond text generation.
Transfer Learning
Transfer learning is a machine learning technique in which a model pre-trained on one task or dataset is adapted for a different but related task, enabling high performance with significantly less data and compute than training from scratch.
Transformer Architecture
A neural network architecture introduced in 2017 that uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequential data in parallel, forming the foundation of modern large language models and multimodal AI systems.
Tree of Thoughts
Tree of Thoughts (ToT) is a prompting framework that lets large language models explore and evaluate multiple intermediate reasoning paths in a branching search, improving performance on tasks requiring planning.
Vibe Coding
Vibe coding is an AI-assisted software development practice in which a developer describes intent in natural language and a large language model generates the code, with the human guiding and testing rather than writing it directly.
Vision-Language Model
A multimodal AI system that jointly processes and generates information from both images and text, extending large language models with visual perception capabilities through cross-modal alignment.
Weaviate
An open-source, cloud-native vector database that combines vector similarity search with structured filtering, GraphQL APIs, and built-in vectorisation for AI applications.
Whisper
Whisper is an open-source automatic speech recognition system developed by OpenAI, trained on 680,000 hours of multilingual audio data and capable of transcription, translation, and language identification across nearly 100 languages.
World Models
World models are AI systems that build internal representations of how the environment works, enabling machines to simulate, plan, and reason about future states without requiring direct experience.
Yi
A family of open-source bilingual large language models developed by 01.AI, the Beijing-based AI startup founded by Kai-Fu Lee, achieving competitive performance against Llama 2 and Falcon with strong Chinese and English bilingual capability.
Zero-Shot Learning
Zero-shot learning is a machine learning paradigm in which a model makes accurate predictions on categories it has never seen during training by leveraging semantic descriptions or attribute representations.