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Foundations

AI Alignment

AI alignment is the field of research dedicated to ensuring that artificial intelligence systems pursue goals, values, and behaviours that are consistent with human intentions.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Infrastructure

AI Benchmarking

The systematic evaluation of AI systems using standardised datasets, tasks, and metrics to measure capability, compare models, and track progress across research and deployment contexts.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Malaysian Context

AI in Malaysian Legal Industry

AI in Malaysia's legal industry encompasses the adoption of machine learning, natural language processing, and generative AI tools by law firms, the judiciary, and legal service providers to automate research, drafting, and compliance tasks.

7 min readUpdated June 2026
Applications

AI Safety

AI safety is a field of research and practice concerned with the development of artificial intelligence systems that behave reliably, avoid harmful outputs, and remain aligned with human values, especially as systems become more capable.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Malaysian Context

AI Singapore

AI Singapore (AISG) is a national programme launched in 2017 to build Singapore's artificial intelligence ecosystem through research, talent development, and industry adoption, hosted by the National University of Singapore.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

Anthropic

Anthropic is an American AI safety company and large language model developer founded in 2021 by former OpenAI researchers, best known for developing the Claude family of AI assistants and the Constitutional AI alignment technique.

7 min readUpdated May 2026
Infrastructure

AutoGen

AutoGen is an open-source multi-agent conversation framework developed by Microsoft Research that enables developers to build LLM applications where multiple AI agents communicate with each other to accomplish complex tasks collaboratively.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Infrastructure

AutoML

AutoML (Automated Machine Learning) is the process of automating the selection, composition, and tuning of machine learning algorithms and pipelines, enabling practitioners to build effective models with reduced manual effort.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Foundations

BM25

BM25 (Best Matching 25) is a probabilistic ranking function used in information retrieval that scores documents based on query term frequency, inverse document frequency, and document length normalisation.

7 min readUpdated June 2026
Malaysian Context

Cyberjaya

A planned technology city in Selangor, Malaysia, forming the nucleus of the Multimedia Super Corridor and home to MDEC, AI research initiatives, and a growing cluster of AI-ready data centres.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

ElevenLabs

ElevenLabs is an AI audio research and deployment company founded in 2022 that develops text-to-speech, voice cloning, dubbing, and conversational voice agent technologies based on proprietary deep learning models.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Foundations

Embedding

An embedding is a dense numerical vector representation of data — such as text, images, or audio — that encodes semantic meaning in a continuous high-dimensional space, enabling machine learning models to measure similarity and relationships.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Models

ERNIE Bot

A large language model and conversational AI assistant developed by Baidu, built on the ERNIE (Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration) foundation model series and integrated across Baidu's search, cloud, and enterprise platforms.

5 min readUpdated June 2026
Infrastructure

FAISS

FAISS (Facebook AI Similarity Search) is an open-source library developed by Meta AI for efficient similarity search and clustering of dense vectors at scale, enabling fast nearest-neighbour retrieval across millions or billions of embeddings.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Models

Falcon LLM

A family of open-weight large language models developed by the Technology Innovation Institute (TII) in Abu Dhabi, released under permissive licenses and used widely across enterprise and research applications.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Companies & Tools

Google DeepMind

Google DeepMind is an AI research laboratory owned by Alphabet Inc., formed in 2023 by the merger of Google Brain and DeepMind, and responsible for developing foundational AI systems including the Gemini family of models, AlphaFold, and AlphaGo.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Applications

Hybrid Search

Hybrid search is a retrieval technique that combines sparse keyword-based search (typically BM25) with dense vector semantic search to achieve superior recall and precision over either method alone.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Infrastructure

Hyperparameter Tuning

The process of selecting optimal configuration values for a machine learning model's external parameters using methods such as grid search, random search, and Bayesian optimisation.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Models

Llama

Llama is a family of open-weight large language models developed by Meta AI, released under a permissive licence that allows researchers and developers to freely download, fine-tune, and deploy the models for both research and commercial use.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Malaysian Context

Malaysia AI Talent

Malaysia AI talent refers to the workforce of AI engineers, data scientists, ML practitioners, and researchers in Malaysia, along with the government and industry initiatives aimed at developing and attracting AI expertise to meet the demands of the digital economy.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Companies & Tools

Meta AI

Meta AI is the artificial intelligence research division and product brand of Meta Platforms, responsible for the Llama family of open-weight language models and integrated AI assistants across Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

Midjourney

An independent AI research lab and image generation service that produces images and video from natural-language text prompts, accessible primarily through Discord and a web application.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Infrastructure

Neural Architecture Search

Neural architecture search is the automated design of neural network architectures using search algorithms, reinforcement learning, or gradient-based methods to discover models that meet target accuracy, latency, and size constraints.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Infrastructure

Ollama

Ollama is an open-source runtime that enables developers and researchers to download, run, and manage large language models locally on consumer hardware without cloud API dependencies.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Companies & Tools

OpenAI

An American artificial intelligence research organisation and technology company, founded in 2015, known for developing the GPT series of language models and the ChatGPT conversational AI platform.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

Perplexity AI

Perplexity AI is an American AI company that operates an answer engine combining real-time web search with large language model synthesis, providing cited, conversational responses to user queries.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Models

Phi (Language Model)

A family of small language models developed by Microsoft Research that demonstrate strong reasoning and instruction-following at parameter counts an order of magnitude smaller than typical frontier models.

4 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

Pinecone

Pinecone is a managed, cloud-native vector database designed for storing high-dimensional embeddings and serving low-latency similarity search for retrieval-augmented AI applications.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

Qdrant

An open-source, Rust-based vector database and similarity search engine designed for high-performance storage and retrieval of high-dimensional embeddings, with support for hybrid search and multitenant deployments.

5 min readUpdated May 2026
Applications

Reranking

Reranking is a two-stage information retrieval technique in which a fast first-stage retriever generates candidate documents, and a more accurate but computationally expensive model re-scores and reorders them.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Foundations

Residual Network

A deep convolutional neural network architecture introduced by Microsoft Research in 2015 that uses skip connections to enable training of very deep networks, winning the ImageNet challenge with a top-5 error rate of 3.57%.

7 min readUpdated June 2026
Applications

Semantic Search

Semantic search is a search paradigm that retrieves results based on the meaning and intent of a query rather than exact keyword matches, using vector embeddings to measure conceptual similarity between text.

6 min readUpdated May 2026
Infrastructure

Sentence Transformers

Sentence Transformers are neural network models that encode sentences, paragraphs, or short documents into fixed-length dense vector embeddings optimised for semantic similarity comparison.

6 min readUpdated June 2026
Infrastructure

Vector Database

A specialised database system that stores data as high-dimensional numerical vectors and enables fast approximate nearest-neighbour search, forming the retrieval backbone of semantic search and RAG systems.

7 min readUpdated May 2026
Companies & Tools

Weaviate

An open-source, cloud-native vector database that combines vector similarity search with structured filtering, GraphQL APIs, and built-in vectorisation for AI applications.

5 min readUpdated May 2026